Chp 6 - Groups Flashcards by Samantha Lee

define GROUPS

ppl who interact and communicate w/each other, share goals and norms, and have subjective awareness as collective social unit

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can a “group” be called a group if it does not have all 3 components?

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define PRIMARY GROUPS

membership group of intimate, physical interactions and enduring relationships that meet our expressive needs

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define EXPRESSIVE NEEDS

socioemotional needs such as intimacy, companionship, and emotional support

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define INSTRUMENTAL NEEDS

emotionally neutral, goal driven needs

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define SECONDARY GROUPS

larger membership that is more anonymous, emotionally neutral and less intimate that meet our instrumental needs

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define GROUP SIZE EFFECT

effect of numbers is independent of effects of individual actions and thoughts

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define DYAD

group of 2

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define TRIAD

group of 3

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define TRIAD SEGREGATION

tendency for triad to form dyad and isolate

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define TERTIUS GAUDENS

isolate can make coalition w/either member of the dyad to form new dyad

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define COALITION

alliance of at least 2 people to achieve certain ends

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what group helps create our reflections of ourselves

primary group

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define REFERENCE GROUPS

non-membership groups used to elevate your standards, values, attitudes, and behaviors

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give examples of reference groups

media, MLB, military

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give characteristics of in groups

tested loyalty
peer pressure
benefit of doubt given to members
traits are virtues

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give characteristics of out groups

seen as antagonist and suspicious
receivers of racism/sexism/discriminatory behavior

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define ATTRIBUTION THEORY

explaining behavior using assumptions on a person’s characteristics/circumstances

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define ATTRIBUTION ERROR

wrongly crediting cause of behavior (to circumstances/character)

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define SOCIAL NETWORK

set of links between ppl/groups/other social units

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define NOT ME SYNDROME

claim most ppl make when faced with disappointingly conforming behavior

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Asch’s experiment studied

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conformity

Milgram’s experiment studied

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obedience and the power of authority

Zimbardo’s experiment studied

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power of roles and authority

define RISKY SHIFT

tendency for groups to participate in riskier actions than they would alone

define POLARIZATION SHIFT

tendency for group to shift toward one direction or another rather than no shift at alld

define DEINDIVIDUATION

sense that one's self has merged w/the group

define GROUP THINK

tendency for group to reach consensus opinion even if its wrong

what are the characteristics of group think

- illusion of invulnerability - squashing of internal dissent - negative impression of antagonists - illusion of unanimity

what are prevention methods for group think

- using independent groups - listen to nay sayers - devil's advocate - discuss w/ppl outside the group - examine alternatives - use outside experts - have a good leader that implements these methods

what is the ABU GHRAIB PRISON

abuse and torture of Iraqi prisoners by US military in the middle east

the larger group leads to

- greater diffusion of responsibility - increase in formality and structure - division into smaller groups

what are the problems of groups

- deindividuation - social loafing - deindividuation - persuasion to extreme - alienation

define FORMAL ORGANIZATION

persistant and large highly-organized secondary group to accomplish complex task and can be a tool for innovation

give an example of a formal organization

work, school, political party

define ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

collective formal/informal norms and values that shape behavior of ppl in an organization

organizational culture can be reflected thru

symbols

define INFORMAL CULTURE

interactions bypassing hierarchy and organization rules in favor for efficiency

define NORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS

organizations that pursue goals for personal satisfaction

ex of normative organizations

political parties, Kiwani's club, NAACP, religious organizations

give examples of coercive organizations

prisons and mental hospitals

define COERCIVE ORGANIZATIONS

largely involuntary membership organizations to total institution

define UTILITARIAN ORGANIZATION

for/non-profits that ppl join for specific purposes (generally money)

examples of utilitarian organizations

Amazon, colleges, churches, Microsoft, hospitals

what are 3 types of organizations

normative, coercive, and utilitarian

define MCDONALDIZATION

fast-food/factory model in most organizations that cause low pay but convenience and familiarity

what are aspects of mcdonaldization

- efficiency - calculability - predictability - control

what are benefits of mcdonaldization

- greater availability to wider population - instantaneous service and convenience - predictability and familiarity - standardization of pricing and uniform quality

define NEUTRALIZATION

method ppl use to justify violation of accepted behavior

list the different neutralization techniques

- denial of victim - denial of injury - appeal to higher loyalties - denial of responsibility - condemnation of condemners

what do functionalists and their critics believe about social structure

- benefits lead to efficiency and stability of society - ppl only partly relevant to organization - hierarchy leads to ritualism and alienation

what do conflict theorists and their critics believe about social structure

- hierarchy leads to conflict between superiors and subordinates leading to tokenism - ppl are subordinate to power systems leading to stress and alienation - de-emphasizes positives

what do symbolic interactionalists and their critics believe about social structure

- stress role of self and how self develops and changes in bureaucracy - social organization is from interaction between superiors and inferiors - downplays overall social organizations

Chp 6 - Groups Flashcards

(53 cards)