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SOC1110 > Chp 2 - Culture > Flashcards

Chp 2 - Culture Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

define CULTURE

A

complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group/society

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2
Q

what are aspects of culture

A

belief, morals, values, knowledge, art, language, laws, customs, ways of thinking, patterns of behavior

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3
Q

what is the purpose of culture

A
  • defines what is perceived as good and bad
  • give ppl sense of belonging
  • instruct how to behave
  • tell what to think
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4
Q

define MATERIAL CULTURE

A

objects created in given society

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5
Q

define NONMATERIAL CULTURE

A

equally strong/stronger influence than material culture

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6
Q

define ETHNOCENTRICISM

A

only seeing things from pov of own group

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7
Q

ethnocentrism stresses

A

group solidarity and superiority

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8
Q

define CULTURAL RELATIVISM

A

something must be understood and judged only in relation to cultural context which it apepars

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9
Q

define CULTURE SHOCK

A

disorientation when encountering new/rapidly changed cultural situation

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10
Q

characteristics of culture (is)

A
  • shared
  • learned
  • taken for granted
  • symbolic
  • varies across time and place
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11
Q

define SYMBOLS

A

things/behaviors to which ppl give meaning

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12
Q

t/f: symbols do not have inherent meaning

A

true, meaning is bestowed by people

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13
Q

define LANGUAGE

A

set of symbols and rules combined in a meaningful way to provide complex communication system

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14
Q

define SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS

A

language determines other aspects of culture bc it provides categories thru which social reality is defined; tells what is important in culture

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15
Q

define NORMS

A

specific cultural expectations for how to behave in given situation (dos and donts)

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16
Q

give an example of a norm

A

manners

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17
Q

what is the significance of William Sumner

A

Folkways and Mores

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18
Q

define VALUES

A

abstract standards that define ideal principles

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19
Q

give an example of values

A

liberty and freedom

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20
Q

give and example of belief

A

religion

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21
Q

define BELIEFS

A

shared ideas about what is true held collectively by ppl within given culture providing the basis for many norms and values

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22
Q

define FOLKWAYS

A

general standards of behavior adhered to by group

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23
Q

give examples of folkways

A

cultural forms of dress and food habits

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24
Q

give an example of mores

A

laws and religious doctrines

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25
define MORES
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
26
define LAWS
written guidelines that define right and wrong in societ
27
define SOCIAL SANCTIONS
mechanisms of social control that enforce folkways, mores, and norms
28
define TABOOS
behavior that bring most serious sanctions
29
define ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
theoretical approach based on idea that you can discover normal social order through disrupting it
30
define DOMINANT CULTURE
culture of most powerful group in society in which social institutions give it some legitimacy and is the standard which other cultures are judged
31
do dominant cultures need to be the culture of the majority?
no
32
define SUBCULTURE
smaller groups sthat mimic dominant culture with some differences and reinterpretations
33
give examples of subcultures
rap, hip hop, amish, cult
34
define COUNTERCULTURE
created as reaction against values of dominant culture and develop practices explicitly defying dominant group
35
give examples of countercultures
white supremacist movement and youth gangs
36
define GLOBAL CULTURE
diffusion of single culture throughout the world
37
define MASS MEDIA
print/electronic channels of communication available to wide segments of population
38
define POPULAR CULTURE
beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday tradition
39
define SOCIAL MEDIA
vast networks of social interaction that new media inspired
40
define CULTURAL HEGEMONY
pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society causing conformity even without the elites overtly forcing people
41
define REFLECTION HYPOTHESIS
mass media reflects values of general population
42
what does functionalism believe about culture
- integrates ppl into groups - provides coherence and stability
43
what does conflict theory believe about culture
- can be source of political resistance - increasingly controlled by economic monopolies
44
define CULTURAL CAPITAL
cultural resources deemed worthy that give advantages of groups possessing them
45
how does symbolic interaction view culture
- creates group identity from diverse cultural meanings - changes as ppl bring new cultural meanings - is socially constructed thru activities of social groups
46
define POSTMODERNIST THEORY
idea society is not objective but found in words/images ppl use to represent behavior and ideas
47
what does new cultural studies believe about culture
- is ephemeral, unpredictable, and constantly changing - is material manifestation of consumer-oriented society
48
what does feminist theory believe about culture
- reflects interests and perspectives of powerful men - anchored in inequality of women - creates images and values that reproduce sexism and racism
49
define CULTURAL LAG
one aspect of culture lags behind other parts that rapidly change
50
what are sources of cultural change
- change in societal conditions - cultural diffusion - innovation - imposed
51
define CULTURAL DIFFUSION
transmission of cultural elements from 1 society/group to another
52
how does cultural diffusion happen
big force or subcultural influences enter dominant group
53
define DRAMATURGY
theoretical perspective based on analogy that face-to-face interactions are like a performance
54
define PRESENTATION OF SELF
performing a role like a theater
55
define SIGN VEHICLES
answers the question of what is going on
56
list sign vehicles
- appearance - manner - setting
57
define APPEARANCE
stimuli telling us performer's social status/role
58
define MANNER
stimuli warning us of actions that match role
59
define SETTING
appropriate setting for the role
60
define PERFORMANCE
all activity of given participant on given occasion serving to influence in any way of any other participants
61
define PERSONAL FRONT
items of expressive equipment most intimately identified with performer
62
give examples of personal front
- clothing - sex - age - rank - characteristics
63
define BACK REGION/BACK STAGE
place where impression fostered by performance knowingly contradicted as a matter of course
64
how is culture learned and spread
1. learned throughout life 2. passed on by groups (by socialization) 3. passed from group to group (by diffusion)
65
what is the most important part of culture and why
language; have to understand language to fully understand culture
66
language can control how we
think
67
what type of norms are there and give examples
formal: laws informal: glances
68
sanctions are both (x2)
positive and negative; formal and informal
69
give examples of formal negative sanctions
going to jail
70
give examples of informal negative sanction
yelling
71
give an example of positive formal sanctions
pay raise
72
give an example of positive informal sanctions
compliments
73
how do functionalists view culture
- cultural beliefs and norms generally agreed on - passed through all institutions - change when innovations/discovery create new situations - rewards and punishments help reinforce beliefs and norms (even if not directed to the individual)
74
give examples of cultural revolutions
democratic, industrial, scientific, social media
75
define MANIFEST FUNCTION
intended, purposeful, and conscious consequences
76
define LATENT FUNCTIONS
unintended, hidden purposes, unconscious consequences that are either positive or negative
77
define DYSFUNCTIONS
disrupts stability of society (can be known or latent)
78
how did conflict theorists view culture
top 1% have hegemonic control (work to maintain their power, control language and ideas, and less powerful groups believe it is in their interests to do things that help the elites)
79
what is the little subgroup between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
petite bourgeoisie
80
how to do symbolists view culture
- culture is conscious, controlled by everyone, and is decided by the people - cultural change is due to values, norms, etc
81

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