Chp 5 - Organizations Flashcards by Samantha Lee

define SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

order established in social groups at any level causing regularity and predictability in behavior

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define SOCIAL STRUCTURE

organized pattern of social relationships and institutions composing society

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are social institutions directly observable?

no, can only observe their impact and structure

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in what direction do societies build to

simple to complex

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can societies go from complex to simple?

yes but very difficult and highly unlikely

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define COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS

beliefs common in community leading to belonging and moral obligation

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define MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY

unity from similar roles and values

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define ORGANIC/CONTRACTUAL SOLIDARITY

unity from role differentiation which allows for complex and integrated society functions

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organic solidarity is also called

contractual solidarity

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this type of solidarity weakens when society becomes more complex

mechanical solidarity

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define DIVISION OF LABOR

mix of distinct tasks that become woven into whole

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describe GEMEINSCHAFT

cohesion from strong personal ties and loyalty with moderate division of labor and small, relatively simple institutions

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describe GESELLSCHAT

cohesion from high division of labor, flexibility in social roles, and secondary relationships

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social solidarity is weaker in ____ (think the Gs)

Gesellschaft

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which is more prone to class conflict and why (think the Gs)

Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft has less prominent class conflict bc it is so homogenous

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what are the 3 types of societies

preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial

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what are the 4 types of preindustrial societies

foraging, pastoral, horti-cultural, and agricultural

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what is the main characteristic of preindustrial societies

they live off the land

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describe FORAGING SOCIETIES

hunters and gatherers
central institution = family
gender creates roles
loose division of labor

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describe PASTORAL SOCIETIES

domestication of animals
nomadic

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how is social organization created in foraging societies

little accumulation of wealth

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how is social organization created in pastoral societies

elites and gender roles

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how is social organization created in horti-cultural societies

wealth and division of labor

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describe HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

farmers
practice ancestor/deity worship
relatively permanent settlements

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describe AGRICULTURAL SOCIEITIES

- large scale agriculture - permanent settlements

how is social organization created in agricultural societies

caste system and slavery

describe INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

- machinery, factories, and production of goods - highly productive and urbanized - economy comes from cash and wages

how is social organization created in industrial societies

complex division of labor and large formal organizations

how is social organization created in postindustrial societies

education and complex division of labor

what is the defining characteristic of POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

produce and distribute services, information, and knowledge

define STATUS

position carrying social rank/value

define STATUS SET

combo of statuses occupied at 1 time

define STATUS INCONSISTENCY

statuses held by 1 person bringing different prestige leading to stress and depression

define ACHIEVED STATUSES

statuses achieved through effort

define ASCRIBED STATUSES

statuses occupied since birth

give examples of achieved statuses

occupation and gender

give examples of ascribed statuses

sex, race, chronic illness

define MASTER STATUS

dominant status of person's identity that is either self-imposed or imposed by others

define PROXEMIC COMMUNICATION

amount of space between interacting people

define PROXEMIC BUBBLE

personal, 3D space

define ROLE

behavior expected from status

define ROLE MODELING

imitating behavior of role model

define ROLE SET

all roles occupied at single time

define ROLE CONFLICT

contradicting expectations from at least 2 roles

define ROLE STRAIN

single role brings conflicting expectations

define AFFILIATION

strong desire to be w/other ppl

define INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

spectrum of nonspecific positive response toward another person

describe IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

aspect of dramaturgy that is the method of controlling how others perceive them by taking on a role and reflecting it back to others

define FACE-WORK

need to maintain image to continue social interaction

define EMBARRASSMENT

reaction to sudden/transitory challenge to identity

define RESTORE FACE

eliminate conditions causing embarrassment

what are the functions of social institutions

- replace and socialize members - produce and distribute goods and services - preserve social order - provide meaning and purpose

define BUREAUCRACY

formal organization w/size, complexity, and hierarchy

who created the idea of bureaucracy

Max Weber

what are the characteristics (of an ideal) bureaucracy

- hierarchy - efficiency - impersonal - written rules - division of labor

what are the problems of bureaucracy

- alienation - trained incapacity/organizational ritualism - peter principle - other face

define ALIENATION

inability to see end product of their work

define TRAINED INCAPACITY

training leads to incapacity to critically think outside of trained processes

define PETER PRINCIPLE

ppl get promoted and move further from job they are best at

what is thinking behind the peter principle that allows it to happen

if someone is good at job A then they must be good at job B

define OTHER FACE OF BUREAUCRACY

practice of going around chain of command/rules to get things done (rather efficiently)

define ORGANIZATIONAL RITUALISM

slavish following and rigid adherence to rules overshadowing good judgment

define TOTAL INSTITUTIONS

institution where disordered entrants' self is torn down and rebuilt

what is the rights of the sick role

- exempt from social obligations - can't get well by own volition

what is the obligations of the sick role

- obligated to try to get well - seek competent health care

define SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY

perception of reality determined by subjective meaning and perspective

define PERSPECTIVE [social construction of reality]

where on fits in social structure including current knowledge, values, and norms

t/f: reality is always under construction

true

define SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

society is a series of interactions based on balancing of rewards and punishments

what are the theories of interactions

- social construction of reality - ethnomethodology - dramaturgy - social exchange theory

what does ethnomethodology have to say about social interaction

encounters holding society together is taken for granted/subconcious

Chp 5 - Organizations Flashcards

(71 cards)