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CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

How is Neural tube defects detected

A

Elevated AFP

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2
Q

Interventricular foramen of Monro drains

A

CSF from Lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

Foramina of Magendie and Luschka drain

A

CSF from 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space

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4
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation is

A

Congenital failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop

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5
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation presents as

A

Massively dilated 4th venticle with an absent cerebellum

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6
Q

What level does Syringomyelia occur

A

C8-T1

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7
Q

Syringomyelia presents as

A

Loss of pain and temperature with sparing of fine touch and position sense (cape like) due to involvement of anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract

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8
Q

Poliomyelitis is

A

Damage to the anterior motor horn due to poliovirus infection

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9
Q

Poliomyeltis presents with

A

Lower motor neuron signs:

  1. Flaccid paralysis with muscle atrophy
  2. Fasciculations
  3. Weakness with decreased muscle tone
  4. Impaired reflexes
  5. Negative Babinski
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10
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease genetic

A

AR

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11
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease is

A

Inherited degeneration of the anterior motor horn

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12
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease presents

A

Same as poliomyelitis

Floppy baby

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13
Q

ALS is

A

Degenerative disorder of upper and lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tract

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14
Q

Upper motor neuron signs

A

Spastic paralysis with hyperreflexia

Increased muscle tone

Positive Babinski sign

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15
Q

Familial ALS is due to

A

Zinc-copper superoxide dismutate (SOD1) mutation

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16
Q

Freidreich ataxia is

A

Denerative disorder of the cerebellum and spinal cord

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17
Q

Friedreich ataxia is due to

A

AR GAA repeat in the Frataxin gene

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18
Q

Degeneration of cerebellum leads to

A

Ataxia

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19
Q

Degeneration of multiple spinal cord tracts seen in Friedreich ataxia leads to

A
  1. Loss of vibratory sense and proprioception
  2. Muscle weakness in lower extremities
  3. Loss of DTR
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20
Q

Friedreich ataxia associated with

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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21
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature sensations

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22
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Touch
  3. Vibration
  4. Proprioception
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23
Q

Lateral corticospinal

A

Voluntary movement

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24
Q

Hypothalamospinal

A

Sympathetic input of the face

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25
First order neurons of Spinothalamic tract
1. Peripheral nerves to posterior horn 2. Cell body is in dorsal root ganglion
26
Second order neurons of spinothalamic tract
From posterior horn, immediately crosses over in **anterior** **white** **commissure** and ascends via **spinothalamic tract** to thalamus
27
First order neurons of dorsal column-medial lemniscus
Peripheral nerves to medulla via **dorsal column** Cell body is in dorsal root ganglion
28
Second order neurons of Dorsal column-medial lemniscus
From medulla crosses over and ascends via **medial lemniscus** to thalamus
29
Most common cause of meningitis in Neonates
1. Group B Strep 2. E. coli 3. Listeria monocytogenes
30
Most common cause of meningitis in Children and teenagers
N. meningitidis
31
Most common cause of meningitis in adults
S. pneumoniae
32
Most common cause of meningitis in nonvaccinated infants
H. infleunza
33
CSF finding ins bacterial meningitis
PMN with decrease CSF glucose
34
CSF findings in viral meningitis
Lymphocytes with normal CSF glucose
35
CSF findings in fungal meningitis
Lymphocytes with decreased CSF glucose
36
Subfalcine herniation involves
Displacement of the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri
37
How does Subfalcine herniation lead to infarct
Compresses anterior cerebral artery
38
Uncal herniation involves
Displacement of the temporal lobe uncus under the tentorium cerebelli
39
Uncal herniation causes
1. Compression of CN3: eyes down and out 2. Compression of posterior cerebral artery: infarction of occipital lobe (**contralateral homonymous hemianopsia**) 3. Rupture of paramedian artery: Duret (**brainstem**) hemorrhage
40
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is due to
a deficiency of **arylsulfatase**
41
Metachromatic leukodystrophy genetics
AR
42
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy due to deficiency of **galactocerebroside β-galactosidase**
43
Krabbe disease genetics
AR
44
Adrenoleukodytrophy due to
Impaired addition of coenzyme A to long chain FA
45
Adrenoleukodystrophy genetics
X-linked
46
What HLA is MS
HLA-DR2
47
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is due to
Persistent infection of the brain by Measles virus
48
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is due to
JC virus infection of oligodendrocytes
49
Progressive multifuocal leukoencephalopathy presents with
Rapidly progressive neurologic signs
50
Central pontine myelinolysis is due to
Rapid intravenous correction of hyponatremia
51
Central pontine myelinolysis presents as
Locked-in
52
Pick disease is
Degnerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex
53
Pick bodies are
Round aggregates of tau proteins in neurons of the cortex
54
Lewy bodies are
Inculsion of α-synuclein in parkinsons
55
Huntington genetic
AD CAG repeat
56
Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad
1. Urinary incontinence (**wet**) 2. Gait instability (**wobbly**) 3. Dementia (**wacky**)
57
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presents
Spongiform 1. Rapidly progressive demintia with ataxia 2. Startle myoclonus
58
Meningioma is
Benign tumor of arachnoid cells
59
Meningioma imaging reveals
Round mass attached to dura that does not invade the cortex
60
Meningioma Histology shows
Whorled pattern Psammoma bodies
61
Which CNS tumor expresses estrogen receptors
Meningioma
62
Schwannoma presents with
Loss of hearing and tinnitus due to CN8 involvement
63
Schwannoma tumor cells are positive for
S-100
64
When Schwannoma bilateral, think
Neurofibromatosis type 2
65
Oligodendroglioma appearance on biopsy
Fried-egg
66
Rosenthal fibers are
Thick eosinophilic process of astrocytes seen in astrocytoma
67
Homer-Wright rosettes are seen in
Medulloblastoma
68
Perivascular pseduorosettes are seen in
Ependymoma

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