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1
Q

What causes cleft lip/palate

A

Failure of facial prominences to fuse

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2
Q

Aphthous ulcer is

A

Painful, superficial ulceration of the oral mucosa

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3
Q

Aphthous ulcer characterized by

A

Grayish base (granulation tissue) surrounded by erythema

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4
Q

Behçet syndrome is

A

recurrent aphthous ulcers

Genital ulcers

Uveitis

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5
Q

Precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity

A

Leukoplakie and erythroplakia

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6
Q

Hairy leukoplakia is seen in

A

AIDs pts with EBC

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7
Q

Mumps clinical

A
  1. Bilateral inflamed parotid glands
  2. Orchitis
  3. Pancreatitis
  4. Aseptic meningitis
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8
Q

Warthin tumor is

A

benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal center that arises in Parotid

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9
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia
  2. Esophageal web
  3. Beefy-red tongue (atrophic glossitis)
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10
Q

Where do Zenker Diverticulum arise

A

above the upper esophagel sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and pharynx

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11
Q

Achalasia is

A

Inability to relax the lower esophageal sphincter

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12
Q

What infection may lead to Achalasia

A

Trypanosoma cruzi in Chagas

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13
Q

Upper 1/3 esophagus LN

A

Cervical

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14
Q

Middle 1/3 esophagus LN

A

Mediastinal or Tracheobronchial

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15
Q

Lower 1/3 esophagus LN

A

Celiac and gastric

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16
Q

Gastroschisis is

A

Congenital malformation of the anterior abdominal wall leadin to exposure of abdominal content

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17
Q

What about H pylori that weaken mucosal defenses in atrium

A

Ureases and proteases

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18
Q

H pylori gastritis presents with

A
  1. Epigastric pain
  2. Increased risk for ulceration
  3. Gastric adenocarcimona
  4. MALT lymphoma
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19
Q

Pain reduced with meals in what type of ulcer

A

Duodenal

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20
Q

Pain increased with meals in what type of ulcer

A

Gastric

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21
Q

Gastric ulcer leads to bleeding from what artery

A

Left Gastric

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22
Q

Duodenal ulcer leads to bleeding from what artery

A

Gastroduodenal artery

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23
Q

Interstinal Gastric Carcinoma invovles what part of stomach

A

Lesser curvature or antrum

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24
Q

Diffuse Gastric Carcinoma is characterized by

A

Signet ring cells that diffusely infiltrate the gastric wall causing thickning of stomach wall (linitis plastica)

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25
Three important signs of gastic carcinoma
1. Acanthosis nigricans 2. Leser-Trélat sign 3. Sister Mary Joseph Nodules
26
Duodenal atresia associated with
Down syndrome
27
Meckel diverticulum arises due to
Fialure of the **vitelline duct** to involute
28
Meckel diverticulum '**Rule of 2s**'
* **2 inches** long and located in the small bowel within **2 feet** of the **ileocecal** **valve** * Presnet during the first **2 years of life**
29
Volvulus in adults MC located
Sigmoid colon
30
Volvulus in children MC located
Cecum
31
Intussesception in children is due to
Lymphoid hyperplasia due to Rotavirus
32
Intussesception in children located
terminal ileum into cecum
33
Transmural small bowel infarcation due to
Thrombosis/embolism in: 1. SMA 2. Mesenteric V
34
Celiac disease is
Immune-mediated damage of small bowel villi due to gluten exposure
35
Celiac HLA
HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8
36
What is the pathogenic component of Gluten
Gliadin
37
What may arise on the skin due to Celiac
Small, herpes-like vesicles called **dermatitis herpetiformis**
38
Dermatitis herpetiformis in celiac is due to
IgA deposition at the tops of dermal papillae
39
Celiac lab findings
IgA againse endomysium, tTG or Gliadin
40
Duodenal biopsy in Celiac reveals
1. Flattening of villi 2. Hyperplasia of crypts 3. Increased intraepithelial lymphocytes
41
Whipple disease is
Systemic tissue damage characterized by macrophages loaded with **Tropheryma whippelii**
42
Whipple disease found in
Small bowel lamina propria
43
Other than small bowel, Whipple is seen in
1. Synovium of joints causing arthritis 2. Cardiac valves 3. LN 4. CNA
44
What inflamatory bowel disease causes mucosal and submucosal ulcers
UC
45
What inflamatory bowel disease causes full-thickness inflammation with knife-like fissures
Crohn
46
UL location
Begins in rectum and extend proximally up to cecum Continuous involvement
47
Crohn location
Skip lesion anywhere except Rectum Terminal ileum MC
48
Which inflammatory bowel disease has bloody diarrhea
UC
49
UC inflammation
Crypt abscesses with PMN
50
Crohn inflammation
Lympoid aggregates with granulomas
51
UC gross appearance
Pseudopolyps Loss of hastra **lead pipe** appearance
52
Crohn gross appearance
Cobblestone mucosa Creeping fat String sign appearance
53
Fistulas are seen in what inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn
54
Which inflammatory bowel disease is p-ANCA +
UC
55
Hirschsprung disease associated with
Down syndrome
56
Colonic diverticula is
Outpouching of mucosa and submucosa through the muscularis propria on the Left wall
57
Colonic diverticulas arise where
The vasa recta traverse the muscularis propria
58
Angiodysplasia is
Acquired malformation of mucosal and submucosal capillary beds on right colon due to high wall tension
59
What mutation increases risk of colonic polyps
APC
60
What mutation leads to formation of colonic polyps
K-ras
61
What mutation increases expression of COX allowing progression of colonic polyps
p53
62
FAP genetics
AD
63
Gardner syndrome
FAP with fibromatosis and osteomas
64
Fibromatosis is
a non-neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts that arise in retroperitoneum and locally destroys tissue found in Gardner
65
Turcot syndrome is
FAP with CNS tumors (medulloblastoma and glial tumors)
66
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is
Hamartomatous (**benign**) polyps throughout GI and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation (**freckle-like spots**) on lips, oral mucosa, and genital skin
67
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome genetics
AD
68
Microsatellite instability leads to
Colorectal carcinoma
69
Left-sided carcinoma presents as
1. a napkin-ring lesion 2. Decreased stool caliber 3. Left lower quadrant pain 4. Blood-streaked stool
70
Right-sided carcinoma presents as
1. Raised lesions 2. Iron deficiency anemia 3. Vague pain
71
Colorectal carcinoma tumor marker
CEA

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