Kidney

Question 1

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is

Answer 1

Inherted defect leading to bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts in the renal cortex and medulla

Question 2

AR PKD present in

Answer 2

Infants as worsening renal failure and HT

Question 3

AR PKD is associated with

Answer 3

Congenital hepatic fibrosis

Hepatic cysts

Question 4

AD PKD is a mutation in

Answer 4

APKD1 or APKD2 genes

Question 5

AD PKD associated with

Answer 5

Berry aneurysm

Hepatic cysts

MVP

Question 6

Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease genetics

Answer 6

AD defect leading in cysts in the medullary collecting ducts leading to parenchymal fibrosis

Question 7

Acute Tubular Necrosis is

Answer 7

Injury and necrosis of tubular epithelial cells

Question 8

What is seen in the urine in ATN

Answer 8

Brown, granular casts that are dead tubular epithelial cells

Question 9

What part of kidney is most susceptible to ischemic damage in ATN

Answer 9

Proximal tubule and medullary segment of the thick ascending limb

Question 10

What causes Nephrotoxic ATN

Answer 10

1. AG
2. Heavy metals
3. Myoglobinuria
4. Ethylene glycol
5. Urate

Question 11

Acute Interstitial Nephritis is

Answer 11

Drug-induced hypersensitivitiy involving the intertitium (CT b/w tubule) and tubules resulting in ARF

Question 12

What causes Acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 12

NSAIDs

Penicillin

Diuretics

Question 13

Renal papillary necrosis is

Answer 13

Necrosis of renal papillae with hematuria and flank pain

Question 14

What causes Renal Papillary necrosis

Answer 14

Chronic analgesic abouse

DM

Sickle cell

Pyelonephritis

Question 15

Nephrotic syndromes result in

Answer 15

1. Hypoalbuminemia: pitting edema
2. Hypogammaglobulinemia: Increase infections
3. Hypercoagulable state: loss of AT3
4. Hyperlipidemia and Hypercholesterolemia: fatty casts in urine

Question 16

Minimal change disease is associated with

Answer 16

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Question 17

Only change in Minimal Change disease

Answer 17

Effacement of foot processes (fat droplets) on EM

Question 18

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is

Answer 18

Nephrotic syndrome with focal and segmental scerlosis

Question 19

FSGS findings

Answer 19

1. Focal (glomeruli) and segmental (parts of glomerulus) sclerosis on H&E
2. Effacement of foot processes on EM

Question 20

FSGS is most common in

Answer 20

Hispanics

African Americans

Question 21

FSGS is associated with

Answer 21

HIV

Heroin

Sickle cell

Question 22

Membranous nephropathy seein in

Answer 22

Caucasian adults

Question 23

Membranous nephropathy associated with

Answer 23

1. Hep B and C
2. Solid tumors
3. SLE
4. Drugs:
   
   1. NSAIDs
   2. Penicillamine

Question 24

Membranous Nephropathy findings

Answer 24

1. Thick Glomerular BM on H&E
2. Immune complex depostion (Granular IF)
3. Subepithelial deposits with ‘SPIKE AND DOME’ appearnce on EM

Question 25

Membranoproliferative GN findings

Answer 25

Thick glomerular BM on H&E with **'tram-track'** appearance

Question 26

IF in membranoproliferative GN

Answer 26

Granular

Question 27

Type 1 MPGN is

Answer 27

Subendothelial

Question 28

Type 1 MPGN associated with

Answer 28

HBV and HCV

Question 29

Type 2 MPGN is

Answer 29

Intramembranous

Question 30

Type 2 MPGN associated with

Answer 30

C3 nephritic factor

Question 31

How does DM result in Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

Answer 31

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of the vascular BM

Question 32

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

Answer 32

Nodules seein in Hyaline arteriolosclerosis seen in DM

Question 33

PSGN is due to

Answer 33

M protein virulence factor in β-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Question 34

PSGN present as

Answer 34

1. Hematuria (**cola-colored urine**) 2. Oliguria 3. HT 4. Periorbital edema

Question 35

PSGN IF

Answer 35

Granular

Question 36

PSGN EM

Answer 36

Subepithelial humps

Question 37

What diseases have lineal IF

Answer 37

Goodpasture

Question 38

Diseases with Granular IF

Answer 38

PSGN Diffuse proliferative GN

Question 39

Berger Disease is

Answer 39

IgA nephropathy with mesangium deposits

Question 40

What causes Calcium oxalate and Calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis

Answer 40

Hypercalcemia Crohn disease

Question 41

RCC is of

Answer 41

The kidney tubules

Question 42

RCC classic triad

Answer 42

Hematuria Palpable mass Flank pain

Question 43

Paraneoplastic syndrome of RCC

Answer 43

EPO Renin PTHrP ACTH

Question 44

What side varicocele is seen in RCC

Answer 44

Left

Question 45

RCC involves the loss of

Answer 45

VHL (**3p**) a tumor suppressor gene that leads to increased IGF-1 and increased HIF

Question 46

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is

Answer 46

1. Wilms tumor 2. Neonatal hypoglycemia 3. Muscular hemihypertrophy 4. Organomegaly