Growth Adaptation, Cellular injury, Cell death

Question 1

AA amyloid derived from

Answer 1

Serum amyloid-associated protein (SSA)

Question 2

AL amyloid derived from

Answer 2

Light Chain IG

Question 3

Barrett esophagus is a metaplasia that converts

Answer 3

Squamous tissue to Columnar tissue plus Goblet cells

Question 4

Barrett esophagus may progress to

Answer 4

Adenocarcinoma of esophagus

Question 5

Budd-Chiari is

Answer 5

Thrombosis of Hepatic V leading to infarction of liver

Question 6

Carbon tetracholoride (CCl₄) causes

Answer 6

fatty change in the liver dur to its conversion to a FR by P450 system

Question 7

Caspases role and activity

Answer 7

Mediates apoptosis by activating proteases and endonucleases

Question 8

Clinical finding of Systemic amyloidosis

Answer 8

1. Nephrotic syndrome
2. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
3. Arrhythmia
4. Tongue enlargement
5. Malabsorption
6. Hepatosplenomegaly

Question 9

Decreased venous drainage seen in

Answer 9

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Question 10

Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Answer 10

1. FAS ligands binds to FAS death receptor (CD95) activating caspases
2. TNF binds to receptor on target cell activating caspases

Question 11

Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy is deposits of

Answer 11

Mutated serum transthyretin in the heart

Question 12

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is due to

Answer 12

AR dysfunction of PMN

Question 13

FR cause cellular damage via

Answer 13

Peroxidation of lipids and oxidation of DNA and proteins

Question 14

Hypoxemia is

Answer 14

Low partial pressure of oxygen

Question 15

Hypoxia is

Answer 15

Low oxygen delivery to tissue

Question 16

Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis

Answer 16

1. Damage leads to inactivation of Bcl2 and increase in BAX
2. Allowing cytochrome c to leak out and activating caspases

Question 17

Ischemia is

Answer 17

Decreased blood flow through an organ

Question 18

Karyolysis

Answer 18

Nuclear dissolution

Question 19

Karyorrhexis is

Answer 19

Nuclear Fragmentation

Question 20

Keratomalacia is

Answer 20

WHen the thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva undergoes metaplasia into stratified keratinized squamous epithelium due to Vit A deficiency

Question 21

Low ATP disrupts

Answer 21

1. Na/K pump: water build up in cells
2. Ca pump: Ca buildup in the cytosol of the cell
3. Aerobic glycolysis: lactic acid buildup results in low pH

Question 22

NADPH oxidase generates

Answer 22

Superoxide ions

Question 23

Primary amyloidosis is

Answer 23

Systemic deposition of AL amyloid

Question 24

Pyknosis is

Answer 24

Nuclear condensation

Question 25

SAA is increased in

Answer 25

1. Chronic inflammatory states 2. Malignancy 3. Familial Mediterranean fever (**FMF**)

Question 26

Secondary amyloidosis is

Answer 26

Systemic dposition of **AA amyloid**

Question 27

Senile cardiac amyloidosis is deposits of

Answer 27

non-mutated serum transthyretin in the heart

Question 28

The hallmark of irreversible injury is

Answer 28

membrane damage

Question 29

The Hallmark of reversible injury is

Answer 29

Cellular swelling

Question 30

What causes hypoxemia

Answer 30

1. High altitude 2. Hypoventilation 3. Diffusion defect 4. V/Q mismatch