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Anatomy > CNS- The Brain: Lecture 21 and 22 > Flashcards

CNS- The Brain: Lecture 21 and 22 Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum function

A

conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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2
Q

thalamus function

A

relay and processing centers for sensory information

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3
Q

hypothalamus function

A

centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

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4
Q

mesencephalon (midbrain) function

A

processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness

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5
Q

pons function

A

relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

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6
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brainstem
autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function

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7
Q

cerebellum function

A

coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epi and subthalamus
forms walls of third ventricle

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9
Q

epi and subthallamus

A

pineal gland (melatonin) and movement

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10
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

connects bilateral nuclei

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11
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain: movement, sensation, startle reflex
pons: breathing, sleep arousal
medulla oblongata: breathing and heartbeat

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12
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

connect midbrain to cerebellum

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13
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects third and fourth ventricles

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14
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

largest nuclei in brain

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15
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflex centers; coordinate eye and head movement

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16
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory relay; reflex response to sound

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17
Q

substantia nigra

A

high melanin content; precursor to dopamine

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18
Q

red nucleus

A

causes limb flexion

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19
Q

pons cranial nerves

A

trigeminal, abducens, facial

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20
Q

homeostasis in medulla oblongata

A

cardiovascular center, respiratory center, vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

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21
Q

medulla oblongata structures

A

pyramids, olivary nuclei, nucleus gracilis and cuneatus

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22
Q

pyramids

A

pyramidal tracts; decussation of the pyramids

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23
Q

olivary nuclei

A

relay sensory information from stretch receptors in muscles/joints

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24
Q

nucleus gracilis and cuneatus

A

relay somatosensory information from spinal cord to somatosensory cortex

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25
medulla oblongata nerves
hypoglossal nerves, glossopharyngeal, vagus
26
cerebellum grey matter
cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei
27
cerebellum white matter
arbor vitae and cerebellar peduncles
28
cerebellum structures
about 11% of total brain mass small gyri (folia), anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular fissures
29
purkinje cells/fibers
send axons through white matter to synapse with central nuclei of cerebellum
30
cerebellar peduncles
paired fiber tracts connects cerebellum to the brain stem ipsilateral
31
superior cerebellar peduncles
connects cerebellum and midbrain
32
middle cerebellar peduncles
carries information from the pons to the cerebellum (voluntary motor activities)
33
inferior cerebellar peduncles
carry sensory information to the cerebellum from muscle proprioceptors and vestibular nuclei
34
cerebellum processing
-motor areas notify cerebellum of voluntary muscle contraction -cerebellum receives info from somatic proprioceptors throughout the body and visual equilibrium pathways -cerebellar cortex coordinates muscle movement -cerebral motor cortex influences motor neurons of the spinal cord
35
limbic system grey matter
amygdala- expression of emotion, arousal, fear hippocampus- memory and learning medial cerebrum
36
limbic system white matter
fornix (main output tract)
37
limbic system
emotional center relayed mostly through the hypothalamus
38
limbic system structures
amygdaloid body, fornix, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
39
amygdaloid body
nucleus that rests on the tail of caudate nucleus responds to perceived threats
40
fornix
links the regions together
41
cingulate gyrus
plays role in expressive movements
42
hippocampus
plays a role in emotional memory
43
reticular formation (RF)
network of nuclei throughout the brain stem sleep, pain transmission, mood, motor functions, breathing, blood pressure, alertness
44
RF structures
raphe nuclei, medial group of nuclei, lateral group of nuclei, reticular activating system
45
Broca's area
language production center
46
Wernicke's area
language processing center
47
types of memory
declarative (facts), procedural, motor, emotional
48
factors influencing memory
emotional state, rehearsal, association, automatic memory (first impression)
49
brain wave patterns
measurement of continuous electrical activity via EEG; wave-like patterns
50
alpha brain waves
8-13 Hz calm wakefulness
51
beta brain waves
14-30 Hz mentally alert and concentrating
52
theta brain waves
4-7 Hz irregular (children), appear when concentrating
53
delta brain waves
<5 Hz observed during sleep indication of brain damage in awake adults
54
stage 1 sleep
alpha waves, relaxation
55
stage 2 sleep
irregular EEG, arousal is more difficult
56
stage 3 sleep
sleep deepens; alpha and theta waves
57
stage 4 sleep
arousal is difficult; dominated by delta waves
58
REM
rapid eye movement; muscles inhibited, dreaming occurs
59
circadian rhythm
sleep-wake cycle; hormonally controlled by hypothalamus
60
consciousness
simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex; holistic and interconnected
61
gradient of consciousness
alertness, drowsiness/lethargy, stupor, coma
62
brain protection
skull bones, cranial meninges, CSF, BBB
63
meninges
CT membranes; cover and protect CNS, partitions the skull
64
epidural space
absence of periosteal dura in spinal cord provides space for epidural anaesthetics
65
dural space
separation of dural layers to provide sinuses for drainage of brain
66
subdural space
houses serous fluids and some drainage veins
67
subarachnoid space
houses major brain blood vessels and CSF
68
dura mater
strongest outer meninx; bi-layered sheet (superficial and deep)
69
arachnoid mater
middle meninx; separated from dura mater by subarachnoid space
70
pia mater
innermost meninx; embedded with vasculature
71
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
continuously circulates within and around brain and spinal cord
72
blood brain barrier (BBB)
keeps CSF separate from blood circulation; selective filter by tight junction formation

Anatomy (23 decks)

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