The Integumentary System: Lecture 11

Question 1

integumentary system organs

Answer 1

skin, hair, nails, exocrine glands, sensory receptors, arrector pili muscles

Question 2

layers of the cutaneous membrane

Answer 2

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 3

integument functions

Answer 3

protection, sensation, thermoregulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis

Question 4

burn complications

Answer 4

infection and hypothermia (damage to thermoregulation and protective functions)

Question 5

skin and body temp homeostasis

Answer 5

increase body temp: vasodilation, sweat secretion
decrease body temp: vasoconstriction

Question 6

layers of the epidermis

Answer 6

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Question 7

stratum corneum

Answer 7

layer of dead keratinocytes; most superficial layers lose desmosomes, slough off

Question 8

stratum lucidum

Answer 8

clear layer of dead keratinocytes (thick skin only)

Question 9

stratum granulosum

Answer 9

numerous cytoplasmic granules containing keratin bundles or lipid based substance; secretes lipid based substance, waterproofs, cuts cells off from basal lamina

Question 10

stratum spinosum

Answer 10

some mitotically active cells, starting to produce keratin components

Question 11

stratum basale

Answer 11

single layer of stem cells (mitotically active), rests on basement membrane

Question 12

epidermis cells

Answer 12

95% keratinocytes, 5% dendritic cells, merkel cells, melanocytes

Question 13

dendritic cells

Answer 13

in stratum spinosum, phagocytes

Question 14

melanocytes

Answer 14

in stratum basale, produce melanin pigment

Question 15

merkel cell

Answer 15

in stratum basale, detect light touch and textures

Question 16

layers of the dermis

Answer 16

papillary layer, reticular layer

Question 17

papillary layer

Answer 17

loose CT, dermal papillae extend into epidermis; capillary networks and tactile corpuscles

Question 18

reticular layer

Answer 18

dense irregular CT; strength and elasticity, hydration; contains blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, lamellated corpuscles

Question 19

fingerprints

Answer 19

prominent dermal papillae arranged into dermal ridges; sweat glands along ridges leave fingerprints

Question 20

flexure lines

Answer 20

reticular layer bound tightly to deeper tissues; prominent around joints and palms

Question 21

tension lines

Answer 21

gaps between collagen bundles in reticular layer indent epidermis to form tension lines; wound healing and scarring

Question 22

melanin

Answer 22

orange-red to black pigment; protects DNA from UV radiation and produced by melanocytes in basale

Question 23

carotene

Answer 23

yellow-orange pigment, vitamin A precursors, unsaturated lipids; obtained from diet and stored in adipose tissue

Question 24

hemoglobin

Answer 24

red pigment (iron oxidation), binds oxygen, quaternary structure; protein synthesis in erythrocytes

Question 25

freckles/moles

Answer 25

localized higher melanin production

Question 26

albinism

Answer 26

melanocytes do not produce tyrosinase

Question 27

erythema

Answer 27

reddening of skin (dilation of capillaries); hemoglobin bound to oxygen

Question 28

pallor

Answer 28

decreased blood flow; pale or white appearance (collagen in dermis)

Question 29

red lips

Answer 29

thin stratum corneum makes it appear more red

Question 30

cyanosis

Answer 30

bluish skin, extremely low oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Question 31

healthy tans

Answer 31

immediate response: oxidation causes melanin to quickly darken or turn red delayed response: UV causes DNA damage, stimulates melanin production- lasts longer

Question 32

secondary function of melanin

Answer 32

reduces synthesis of vitamin D

Question 33

skin color

Answer 33

depends on number of melanocytes in particular body regions and differences in amount of tyrosinase activity and type

Question 34

hair

Answer 34

derived from skin epithelium; protective and sensory functions

Question 35

lanugo

Answer 35

thin, non-pigmented hair on fetus

Question 36

terminal hair

Answer 36

scalp and around eyes; some body hair post-puberty

Question 37

vellus hair

Answer 37

body hair

Question 38

nails

Answer 38

derived from skin epithelium; protective and gripping functions

Question 39

gland types

Answer 39

derived from skin epithelium; sweat and sebaceous glands with various functions

Question 40

eccrine

Answer 40

merocrine secretion (exocytosis); most prevalent: water electrolytes, lactic acid

Question 41

apocrine

Answer 41

merocrine secretion (exocytosis); release into hair follicle- armpits, anal area, areolae; protein causes odor

Question 42

ceruminous gland

Answer 42

merocrine secretion (exocytosis); modified apocrine in ear-produce ear wax

Question 43

mammary

Answer 43

merocrine secretion (exocytosis); produce milk

Question 44

sebaceous

Answer 44

holocrine secretion (rupture and release); produce and secrete sebum

Question 45

wounds

Answer 45

any disruption in skin integrity; lacerations, burns, skin cancers

Question 46

first degree burns

Answer 46

minor, only damage epidermis; may develop erythema and mild pain

Question 47

second degree burns

Answer 47

damage to epidermis and part or all of dermis; pain, blistering, and scarring

Question 48

third degree burns

Answer 48

most damaging; epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, potentially deeper; destroys nerves, loss of hair follicles, diminished keratin production, massive fluid loss, risk of infection

Question 49

skin cancer

Answer 49

unchecked cell division linked to UV radiation exposure

Question 50

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 50

most common; arises from keratinocytes in basale, rarely metastasizes; can be resolved with surgical removal

Question 51

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 51

second most common, cancer of keratinocytes in spinosum; more likely to metastasize, surgical removal still useful

Question 52

malignant melanoma

Answer 52

tendency to metastasize; critical early detection; extend into dermal blood vessels

Question 53

hyperpigmentation

Answer 53

overproduction in melanin; melasma: dark patches mainly on face can occur during pregnancy

Question 54

hypopigmentation

Answer 54

decreased melanin production or destruction of melanocytes vitiligo, tinea versicolor