The Skeletal System: Lecture 13

Question 1

components of the skeletal system

Answer 1

bones, cartilages and ligaments

Question 2

cartilage

Answer 2

covers most joints in adults, forerunner for bone tissue

Question 3

ligaments

Answer 3

hold bones together at joints (articulations)

Question 4

bone

Answer 4

mineralized CT, blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose, nervous and fibrous connective tissues

Question 5

skeletal cartilages

Answer 5

hyaline: articular, costal, respiratory, nasal
elastic: ears, epiglottis
fibrocartilage: vertebral discs, knee menisci

Question 6

axial skeleton bones

Answer 6

(80+7 associated)
skull- 22
vertebral column- 33
thoracic cage- 25
auditory ossicles- 6
hyoid bone- 1

Question 7

appendicular skeleton

Answer 7

pectoral girdles- 4
upper limbs- 60
hip bones- 2
lower limbs- 60

Question 8

bone variations

Answer 8

newborns- 270 bones
sesamoid bones
sutural bones

Question 9

types of bone markings

Answer 9

depressions, openings, projections

Question 10

depressions

Answer 10

space for nerves and blood vessels, shaped for articulations
facet, fossa, fovea, groove

Question 11

openings

Answer 11

enclose delicate structures, allow passage to marrow
canal, fissure, foramen

Question 12

projections

Answer 12

sites for ligament or tendon attachment, shaped for articulation
condyle, crest, heat, tubercle, process, protuberance, trochanter, line

Question 13

skull features

Answer 13

cranial cavity, orbits, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, oral cavity

Question 14

cranial bones

Answer 14

parietal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, frontal

Question 15

facial bones

Answer 15

vomer, inferior nasal concha, nasal, mandible, maxilla, palantine, zygomatic, lacrimal

Question 16

orbital bones

Answer 16

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine

Question 17

paranasal sinus bones

Answer 17

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla

Question 18

skull sutures

Answer 18

lambdoid, coronal, squamous, sagittal

Question 19

lambdoid suture

Answer 19

parietal and occipital

Question 20

coronal suture

Answer 20

frontal and parietal

Question 21

squamous suture

Answer 21

parietal and temporal

Question 22

sagittal suture

Answer 22

parietal and parietal

Question 23

fetal skull

Answer 23

fontanels: skull areas where intramembranous ossification in not yet complete
unfused sutures: skull lines between or within developing bones

Question 24

axial accessory bones

Answer 24

hyoid, middle ear ossicles

Question 25

middle ear ossicles

Answer 25

malleus x2, incus x2, stapes x2

Question 26

vertebral column

Answer 26

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused sacrum), 3-5 coccygeal

Question 27

scoliosis

Answer 27

lateral curvatures

Question 28

lordosis

Answer 28

swayback; exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures

Question 29

kyphosis

Answer 29

hunchback; exaggeration of thoracic curvature

Question 30

texting neck

Answer 30

increased force on head from head tilt

Question 31

intervertebral discs

Answer 31

fibrocartilage pad between bodies of adjacent vertebrae; absorbs shock and binds vertebral column together; nucleus pulposus surrounded by anulus fibrosus

Question 32

nucleolus pulposus

Answer 32

soft, inner jelly-like substance; resilient shock absorber

Question 33

anulus fibrosus

Answer 33

outer ring of fibrocartilage; contains nucleus pulposus; joins adjacent vertebrate

Question 34

thoracic cage

Answer 34

1-7: true ribs 8-10: vertebrochondral (false) ribs 11-12: floating ribs sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Question 35

bone deposition

Answer 35

osteoblasts; secrete collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins calcium ion vesicles compression, tension, testosterone, calcitonin

Question 36

bone resorption

Answer 36

osteoclasts; secrete hydrogen ions, enzymes sedentary lifestyle, pressure, parathyroid hormone

Question 37

calcium homeostasis

Answer 37

negative feedback loop low blood calcium: parathyroid hormone, resorption high blood calcium: calcitonin, deposition

Question 38

simple fractures

Answer 38

skin and tissue around fracture remain intact

Question 39

compound fractures

Answer 39

skin and tissues around fracture are damaged

Question 40

spiral fractures

Answer 40

resulting from twisting forces

Question 41

comminuted fractures

Answer 41

bone is shattered into multiple fragments

Question 42

greenstick fractures

Answer 42

bone breaks on one side, bends on the other

Question 43

compression fractures

Answer 43

bone is crushed under the weight it is meant to support; elderly/reduced bone mass

Question 44

avulsion fractures

Answer 44

tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone

Question 45

epiphyseal plate fractures

Answer 45

involves part of the epiphyseal plate; may afect bone growth

Question 46

bone repair

Answer 46

hematome-> soft callus-> hard callus-> primary bone-> secondary bone