CNS- The Brain I: Lecture 20

Question 1

CNS integrative functions

Answer 1

interpretation of sensory info, planning/monitoring movement, homeostasis, higher mental functions

Question 2

PNS functions

Answer 2

sensory and motor functions

Question 3

ontogeny

Answer 3

journey of an organism from beginning to adulthood; growth, differentiation, emergence of unique traits

Question 4

development

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord begin as the neural tube

Question 5

primary brain vesicles

Answer 5

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 6

secondary brain vesicles

Answer 6

forebrain: telencephalon, diencephalon
midbrain: mesencephalon
hindbrain: metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 7

brain embryonic development

Answer 7

primary brain vesicles -> secondary brain vesicles -> structures of mature brain

Question 8

brain regions

Answer 8

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

Question 9

brain organization

Answer 9

white matter, gray matter

Question 10

white matter

Answer 10

myelinated and non-myelinated axons

Question 11

grey matter

Answer 11

non-myelinated neurons and cell bodies

Question 12

cerebrum

Answer 12

higher mental functions, interpretation of sensory stimuli, plan & initiation of movement

Question 13

diencephalon

Answer 13

processes, integrates, relays information, homeostasis, regulates biological rhythms

Question 14

brain stem

Answer 14

homeostasis, reflexes, monitors movement, integrates and relays information

Question 15

cerebellum

Answer 15

monitors and coordinates movement

Question 16

frontal lobe

Answer 16

cognition and memory; concentrate, judgement, consequence analysis, problem solve, plan, personality

Question 17

temporal lobe

Answer 17

auditory receptive area, high level visual processing
hippocampus: long term memory

Question 18

parietal lobe

Answer 18

spatial orientation, speech, visual perception, pain and touch sensations

Question 19

occipital lobe

Answer 19

visual processing center of the brain; dreams

Question 20

ventricles

Answer 20

hollow chambers filled with CSF, lined with ependymal cells

Question 21

lateral ventricles

Answer 21

paired within cerebral hemisphere; separated by septum pellucidum

Question 22

third ventricle

Answer 22

in the diencephalon, connected via interventricular foramen

Question 23

fourth ventricle

Answer 23

in the hindbrain, connected via cerebral aqueduct
openings lateral and median aperatures

Question 24

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 24

superior part of the brain; 83% of total brain mass

Question 25

gyri

Answer 25

elevated ridges of tissue postcentral/precentral

Question 26

sulci

Answer 26

shallow grooves, divide the hemisphere into lobes central, parieto-occipital, lateral

Question 27

fissures

Answer 27

deeper grooves longitudinal, transverse cerebral

Question 28

cerebral cortex

Answer 28

outermost layer of tissue in the brain, covers the cerebrum where consciousness resides, composed of gray matter arranged in 6 layers

Question 29

lateralization of function

Answer 29

hemispheres are contralateral, each hemisphere is slightly specialized

Question 30

cerebrum function

Answer 30

voluntary muscular movements

Question 31

cerebral cortex function

Answer 31

consciousness

Question 32

neocortex

Answer 32

newest brain layer, only in mammals; 76% of gray matter in the brain

Question 33

neocortex function

Answer 33

attention, thought, perception, episodic memory, communication, sociability, creativity, decision making

Question 34

motor area

Answer 34

controls voluntary movement; posterior part of frontal lobe

Question 35

sensory areas

Answer 35

conscious awareness of sensation; parietal, insular, temporal, occipital

Question 36

primary motor cortex

Answer 36

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, pyramidal cells conscious control of voluntary movements somatotophy

Question 37

premotor cortex

Answer 37

anterior to the precentral gyrus sequences basic motor movements into complex tasks

Question 38

Broca's area

Answer 38

present in one hemisphere only (usually left); motor speech area

Question 39

frontal eye field

Answer 39

anterior to premotor cortex voluntary movement of the eyes

Question 40

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 40

postcentral gyrus receive info from somatic sensory receptors and proprioceptors spatial discrimination

Question 41

somatosensory association cortex

Answer 41

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex integrates sensory inputs from primary somatosensory cortex

Question 42

primary visual cortex

Answer 42

occipital lobe in the calcarine sulcus receives information from retina

Question 43

visual association

Answer 43

covers most of the occipital lobe use past visual experiences for interpretation

Question 44

somatosensory homunculus

Answer 44

visual representation of how different body parts are mapped onto the brain's somatosensory cortex in proportion to the amount of sensory input they provide to the brain

Question 45

primary auditory cortex

Answer 45

superior margin of the temporal lobe interpret auditory input (pitch, loudness, location)

Question 46

auditory association area

Answer 46

permits perception and stores sound memory

Question 47

vestibular cortex

Answer 47

adjacent to parietal cortex awareness of balance

Question 48

olfactory cortex

Answer 48

medial temporal lobe, piriform lobe part of the primitive rhinencephalon awareness of odors

Question 49

gustatory cortex

Answer 49

deep temporal lobe perceives taste

Question 50

visceral sensory area

Answer 50

posterior to the gustatory cortex perception of visceral/body sensations

Question 51

multimodal association areas

Answer 51

receive input and output from multiple senses allows for integration and storage of previous experiences anterior, posterior, and limbic association areas

Question 52

anterior association area/prefrontal

Answer 52

involved in learning and personality; working memory

Question 53

posterior association area

Answer 53

involved in pattern recognition

Question 54

limbic association area

Answer 54

regulates emotional magnitude cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus

Question 55

cerebral dominance

Answer 55

about 90% of people left hemisphere dominant (right hand dominant)

Question 56

left hemisphere

Answer 56

language, math, logic

Question 57

right hemisphere

Answer 57

visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, art/music

Question 58

commissural fibers

Answer 58

connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum is largest

Question 59

projection fibers

Answer 59

connect cerebral cortex to rest of brain and spinal cord

Question 60

association fibers

Answer 60

connect grey matter of cortical gyri with one another

Question 61

basal nuclei

Answer 61

cluster of nuclei embedded in central white matter, either side of diencephalon involved in movement input from the entire cerebral cortex composed of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus