Flashcards in Dairy: energy deficiency syndromes Deck (44)
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1
who does bovine ketosis occur in?
well conditioned animals
2
What are the products of carbohydrate metabolism
proprionate
butyrate
acetate
3
What is the etiology of ketosis?
glucose requirements > inetake
hypoglycemia
ketogenesis
ketones suppress apetite
low carbohydrate absorbance
4
What is primary ketosis?
good to excessive body condition
high lactation potential
good quality rations
predisposes cattle to abomasal displacement
5
What is secondary ketosis?
alimentary ketosis (butyrate in silage)
nutritional deficiency (cobalt, phosphorus)
6
What are the clinical signs of ketosis
wasting form: decrease in appetite and milk yield, preferncially eats hay, rapid body weight loss, ketones on breath
subclinical: decreased production, infertility, other diseases
nervous: circling, straddling/crossingl legs, head pressing, delirium, due to isopropyl alcohol (from acetoacetic acid) and lack of glucose in brain
7
What are the lab findings of ketosis?
1. hypoglyccemia variable
2. blood ketone levels increased (BHBA >1.2mmol/L)
increased urine ketons: urine test strips tend to ony detect aetoacetate
increased milk ketones (BHBA >100mmol/L; acetone >0.70mmol/L
8
What are the differentials for ketosis?
wasting
-displaced abmasum
-traumatic reticulitis
-primary indigestion
-cystitis/pyelopephritiss
nervous
-rabies
-hypomagnesmia
-BSE
9
What is treatment for ketosis?
PROPYLENE GLYCOL: only evidence based treatment!!!! 300g daily for up to 5 days, drench or feed
(glucose: 500mL 50% dextrose IV, never SQ, transient response, renal excretion and abomasal dysfunction--overdose, -->>second line treatment/nervous ketosis)
isofluprednone (predef) doesn't really work, more mineralocorticoid activity--hypokalemia
dexamethsaone: not labeled, glucose repartitioning causes hyperglycemia, decent efficacy based on evidence
insulin--enhances glucose ptake and gluconeongenesis, not alone, suppresses fatty acid metabolism, may be useful if refractory to glucose and glucocorticoids
anabolic steroids=illegal
other treatments: vit B12, cobalt, niacin,
10
How do you prevent ketosis
ensure adequate body condition at calving
less than 10% of cattle have BCS >4/5 in transition period
ionophores?
11
What is small ruminant pregnancy toxemia
major energy drains are fetuses
decreased plane of nutrition late preg
differences in suscpetiblity may be hepatic efficiency?
12
What are the primary causes of preg toxemia?
decreased plane of nutrition in late preg
shor tperiod of fast
cold weather/abscence of shelter
poor pasture
13
Why are fat ewes more likely to get preg toxemia?
overconditioned in late preg--vluntary fall in feed due to intrabdominal fat
14
What are risk factors for preg toxemia?
1. last 6 weeks preg
2. twins and triplpets
3. increased parity
4. interurrent dz
5. por plane of nutrition (hill breeds may be nore resistant)
6. case fatality 100% if don't treat
15
What are the clinical signs of preg toxemia?
more nervous--hypoglycemic encephalopathy
1. separate from group
2. blindness
3. tremors of head muscles
4. abnormal postures
5. recumbence in 304 days
6. dystocia
7. hypoglycemia early in dz
8. ketonemia, ketonuria
9. metabolic acidosis (as opposed to large ruminants off feed???)
10. renal failure and terminal uremia
16
When is treatment of preg toxemia effective?
early in dz
17
WHat is treatment for preg toxemia?
1. fluid and electrolyte replacement
2. GLUCOSE +/- insuline
3. propylene glycol if brain is ok and can swallow
4. glucocorticoids ineffective
5. REMOVAL OF FETUSES: cesarian or induce parturition
18
How do you control preg toxemia?
BCS 2.5-3/5 at 90 days allows response to increased feeding later
last 2 months important 70% lambs weight gained in last 6 weeks
10% protein concentrate, 0.25kg/day-1kg/day
feed maiden ewes separately
19
What are issues of starvation
look at notes
20
When might you see starvation in neonatal calves?
poor quality milk replacers
-insufficient energy
-indigestible non-milk protein
diarrhea without extra nutritional support
21
What are the effects oprotein deficiency
look at notes
22
What are the clinical signs of starvation?
similar to toher nutritional deficiency or subclin dz
23
What are situations where nutritional deficiency may occur?
1. late gestation in beef cattle
2. rare in dairy cattle
3. concurrent diarrhea
4. diagnosis based on analysis of feed
5. prevention based on providing adequate diet
24
What is fatty liver also known as in cattle?
pregnancy toxemia?
25
Why does fatty live roccur?
excessivve fat mobilization from body reserves to liver
26
When does fatty liver ocur?
around time of parturition
27
Who does fatty liver occur in?
sudden increases inenergy demand or decreases in intake
28
Why do cattle get fatty liver?
pre-partum: FFA mobilized pre-partum; live, muscle, kidneys; mobilization influenced by hormonal anhd energy
29
What happens when liver triglyceride is high with VLDL?
VLDL secretion further reduced due to hepatic insufficiency
30
