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Human Anatomy > Digestive System COPY > Flashcards

Digestive System COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Wall of Esophagus

A

From deep to superficial:

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular Layer
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2
Q

Mucosa Layer of Esophagus

A

epithelium is nonkeratinized (mucosal) stratified squamous epithelium

abrasion-resistant

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3
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A
  • thin/absent in pharynx
  • thickens to 200-400um in esophagus
  • found in submucosa layer
  • single layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
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4
Q

Submucosal Glands

A

in digestive system, only found in Duodenum and Esophagus

simple, branched, tubular glands that produce mucous secretion that lubricated the bolus + protects epithelial surface

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5
Q

Submucosa Layer of Esophagus

A

contains Muscularis Mucosae and Submucosal Glands

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6
Q

Muscular Layer of Esophagus

A

-has inner + outer longitudinal layer; covered in Adventitia of connective tissue

  • in superior third, both contain mostly skeletal muscles
  • in middle third, even mixture of skeletal + smooth muscles
  • in inferior third, contains only smooth muscles
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7
Q

Adventitia of Esophagus

A

outside of muscular layer of esophagus

-anchors esophagus to posterior body wall

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8
Q

RetroPeritoneum of Esophagus

A

peritoneum covers anterior and left lateral surface

  • only found on esophagus that is between diaphragm and stomach
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9
Q

Blood Vessels that supply Esophagus (7)

A 
1 esophageal artery
2 thyrocervical trunk
3 external carotid arteries of neck
4 bronchial arteries
5 esophageal arteries of mediastinum
6 inferior phrenic artery
7 left gastric artery of abdomen
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10
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Organs enveloped by visceral peritoneum

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11
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs only covered by parietal peritoneum anteriorly

PRIMARY - organs that develop + remain outside of peritoneum

SECONDARY - organs originally intraperitoneal and then became retroperitoneal

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12
Q

SAD PUCKER

mnemonic for retropineal organs

A 
S = Suprarenal (adrenal) Glands
A = Aorta/IVC
D =Duodenum (except the proximal 2cm, the duodenal cap)
P = Pancreas (except the tail)
U = Ureters
C = Colon (ascending and descending parts)
K = Kidneys
E = (O)esophagus
R = Rectum
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13
Q

MESENTERY

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum

  • usually connects intraperitoneal organs to posterior wall
  • provives pathway for nerves, vessels, lymphatics from body wall to viscera
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14
Q

4 Regions of the Stomach

A

1 CARDIA
2 FUNDUS
3 BODY
4 PLYORIC PART

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15
Q

CARDIA

A

most superior, medial portion of stomach

immediately surrounding the junction of the esophagus

Esophageal lumen opens into the Cardia of CArdiac Orifice

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16
Q

FUNDUS

A

region that projects superior to the junction b/w esophagus and stomach

contracts the inferior + posterior portion of the diaphragm

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17
Q

BODY of Stomach

A

area b/w Fundus and curve of J.

largest region of stomach

functions as a mixing tank for ingested food and gastric secretions

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18
Q

PLYORIC PART

“gatekeeper”

A

b/w body of stomach and duodenum
3 parts:
1 PYLORIC ANTRUM - connected to body
2 PYLORUS - muscular tissue surrounding pyloric orifice
3 PYLORIC SPHINCTER - regulates the release chyme into the duodenum

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19
Q

GASTRIC FOLDS

A

appears when stomach is empty of food and chime.

gradually flatens out until maximum distension

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20
Q

Blood Supply to Stomach

A

3 branches of the Celiac Trunk supply blood to the stomach:

1 Left gastric artery - supplies lesser curvature and cardia
2 Splenic artery - supplies fundus
3 Left gastro epiploic artery - supplies greater curvature
4 Common hepatic artery (branches into 4a right gastric artery, 4b right gastro epiploic artery, 4c gastroduodenal artery) - supplies greater + lesser curvatures at the plyrosus
5 Gastric vein + Gastro epiploic vein - drain blood intoHepatic portal vein

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21
Q

Musculature of Stomach

A

muscularis mucosae + muscular layer of stomach has extra layers of smooth muscle (normally it is just circular and longitudinal layers).
extra layers strengthen the stomach wall, assist in mixing + churning the chyme

muscularis mucosae contain an outer circular layer

muscular layer has inner oblique layer

22
Q

Omenta

A

mesenteries of the stomach
connects stomach to adjacent organts
Greater omentum - large pouch that is more inferior, attached to greater curvature
Lesser omentum - superior, attached to liver + first segment of duodenum, and lesser curvature

23
Q

Layers of Stomach Wall

A

surface epithelium of gastric mucosa is simple columnar epithelium composed of mucous surface cells

produces layer of mucus that covers the luminal surface of somach
protects the epithelium against acids and enzymes

24
Q

Gastric Pits

A

shallow depressions that open onto gastric surface pit

the base of pits contains regenerative stem cells that actively replace the cells that are continuously sheding into chyme
also protects superficial epithelial cells if damaged from stomach acid or digestive enzymes

25
4 Gastric Secretory Cells
Mucous Neck Cells Parietal Cells Enteroendocrine Cells + G Cells Chief Cells
26
Gastric Juice
made by Parietal Cells + Chief Cells
27
Mucous Neck Cells
- found in call regions of stomach - columnar in shape - apical cytoplasm is filled w secretory product that is water-solulable + lubricates stomach contents
28
Parietal Cells
- large round/pyramid shaped - numerous in the proximal portion of gastric glands - secretes Intrinsic Factor + Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
29
Intrinsic Factor
glycoprotein that helps absorb vitamin B12 across intestinal lining secreted by Parietal cells
30
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
lowers the pH of gastric juice, kills microorganisms, breaks down plant cell walls, connective tissues in meat, + denatures protein secreted by Parietal cells
31
Enteroendocrine Cells + G Cells
Enteroendocrine - numerous in Fundus, occasionally found in Cardia + Pyloric Part -scattered among chief cells + parietal cells
32
G Cells
- type of enteroendocrine cells found in Gastric Pits of Pyloric Part - secretes Gastrin when food enters stomach
33
Gastrin
-secreted by G cells - stimulates the secretory activity of both parietal + chief cells - promotes smooth muscle activity in the stomach wall to enhance churning + mixing activity
34
Chief Cells
- found only in Funduss - most abundant in base of gastric gland - secretes Pepsinogen which turns into Pepsin in newborns, produces Rennin + Gastric Lipase (enzymes vital for milk digestion)
35
Pepsinogen
- inactive proenzyme | - activated when come in contact w acid in the gastric lumen (turns into Pepsin)
36
Pepsin
- active proteolytic (protein digesting enzyme) | - functions most effectively in pH of 1.5-2.0
37
Rennin + Gastric Lipase
Rennin coagulates milk protein Gastric Lipase initiates digestion of milk fats both produced by Chief cells in Fundus
38
Regulation of Gastric Activity
directly by CNS - vagus nerve (sight/thought of food triggers parasympathetic to innervate parietal, chief, + mucous cells of stomach); branches of celiac plexus (sympathetic inhibits) indirectly by Local Hormones - small intestines release 2 hormones that inhibits gastric secretion: Secretin Cholecytokinin
39
Secretin + Cholecytokinin
stimulate secretioin by both pancreas and liver also depresses the gastric activity
40
Small intestines
- 90% of absorption - found in all abdominal regions except left hypochondriac + epigastric region - held by mesentaries attached to wall
41
3 Subdivisions of Small Intestines
1 Duodenum 2 Jejunum 3 Ileum
42
Duodenum
- shortest + widest - connected to Pylorus of Stomach - mixing bowl of chyme fr stomach, + digestive secretions of liver + pancreas - ring of smooth muscle regulates movement of chyme
43
Jejunum
- second segment starts at Duodenojejunal flexure - re-enters the peritoneal cavity becoming intraperitoneal - bulk of digestion + nutrient absorption - typically found in umbilical region
44
Ileum
- longest segment of small intestine that is intraperitoneal proximally, then secondary retroperitoneal in the rest - typically in hypogastric region - mesentary has more fat, is thicker
45
Mesentery Proper
- fan shaped mesentary that covers jejunum and ileum
46
Histology of Digestive Tract
``` Mucosa Muscularis Mucosae Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa ```
47
Intestinal Epithelium
1 Circular Folds -large flaps in mucosa 2 Intestinal Villi - fingerlike projection of mucosa 3 Microvilli - the columnar cells that cover the Intestinal Villi increases the surface area of small intestines increases the surface
48
Intestinal Gland
- glandular pockets that extend deep into underlying lamina propria - at the base, stem cells continuously divide to produce new epithelial cells (old cells turn into intracellular chyme)
49
Paneth Cells
- at base of intestinal glands | - secretes DEFENSINS + LYSOZYME for innate (nonspecific) immunity (kills some bacteria but ignores good bacteria)
50
Lamina Propria of Intestinal Villi
loose areolar connection tissue located within the core of each villi contains lymphatic cells, ocassional lymphoid nodules, extensive network of capillaries, LACTEAL,
51
Lacteal
found w/in Lamina Propria lymphatic vessel that transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries
52
Terminal Ileum
contains ileocecal sphincter - controls flow of chyme into large intestines

Human Anatomy (29 decks)

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