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Human Anatomy > Skeletal System: Axial Division > Flashcards

Skeletal System: Axial Division Flashcards

1
Q

How many UNFUSED vertebral column?

A

24

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2
Q

How many FUSED vertebral column?

A

9

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3
Q

5 Regions of Vertebrae

A 
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRUM
COCCYGEAL
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4
Q

CERVICAL REGION

A

Atlas, Axis, C3 - C7

most unstable bc of high degree of flexibility

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5
Q

THORACIC REGION

A

T1 - T12

12 bones separated by intervertebral discs

has costal facets on vertebral body, transverse process w transverse costal facets

larger than cervical bones, smaller than lumbar bones

has smaller foramens

superior and interior articular facets are almost vertical

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6
Q

LUMBAR REGION

A

L1 - L5

largest vertebrae that carries most weight
large vertebral body, large non bifid spinous process

flexion, extension and some rotation

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7
Q

SACRUM REGION

A

S1 - S5

triangular bone between lateral pelvis bones
has median sacral crest which surrounds 4 spinous tubercles
has SACRAL CANAL above and SACRAL HIATUS inferior which contains spinal nerve ending cauda equina

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8
Q

COCCYX

A

3-5 fused terminal bones

aka tailbone. provides attachment for muscles of lower limb

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9
Q

PRIMARY CURVATURE

aka ACCOMODATORY

A

convex (outward) curvature aka KYPHOSIS

thoracic and sacral region

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10
Q

SECONDARY CURVATURE

aka COMPENSATORY

A

concave curvatures aka LORDOSIS

found in cervical and lumbar regions

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11
Q

When does Primary and Secondary Curvature appear?

A
  1. Primary curvature occurs during fetal development

2. Secondary curvature occurs several months after birth during the shift from crawling to sitting to walking

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12
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebraes

A

Atlas, Axis, C7

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13
Q

ATLAS

aka C1

A

atypical bs missing spinous process and vertebral body

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14
Q

AXIS

aka C2

A

atypical bc of ODONTOID PEG/PROCESS aka DENS - bony superior projection that fits between transverse ligament and Atlas’ lateral mass

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15
Q

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T5-T8

long, vertically oriented spinal processes
allos rotary movement but limits flexion, extension, and lateral mvmt

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16
Q

Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1-T4, T9-T12

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17
Q

T1-4

A

spinous process is almost horizontal

T1 is most prominent and has complete facet on lateral surface and superior of vertebral body

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18
Q

T9-T12

A

looks similar to lumbar vertebra bs they have tubercles

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19
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

A

separates each cervival, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

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20
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN

A

opening formed bw the vertebral bodies and articular processes of 2 adjacent spinal vertebrae

acts as a passageway be spinal canal and periphery for spinal nerves to exit

there are 2 intervertebral foramens - left and right

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21
Q

2 Layers of Intervertebral Discs

A

ANNULUS FIBROSUS - tough outer layer

NUCLEUS PULPOSUS - softer inner layer

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22
Q

ANNULUS FIBROSUS

A

outer layer of disc composed of multiple layers of fibrous collagen

composition limits the rotation of the vertebrae

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23
Q

NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

A

inner layer of disc that is a jelly-like substance

spreads compressive forces evenly over vertebral body surface

prevents friction be two vertebrae as they move

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24
Q

ALA of sacrum

A

2 superior wings of sacrum

responsible for transmitting weight from upper body to sacroiliac joints

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25
THORACIC CAGE 3 GROUPS
1 Ribcage and Costal Cartilages 2 Thoracic Vertebrae and their Intervertebral (IV) discs 3 Sternum
26
Superior Boundary of Thoracic Cage
superior thoracic aperture is formed by superior border of manubrium anteriorly, superior surface of first rib laterally, and body of T1 posteriorly
27
Inferior Boundary of Thoracic Cage
T12 posteriorly, T11-T12 posterolaterally, 7-10 Costal Cartilage anterolaterally, Xiphoid Process anteriorly
28
Lateral Boundary of Thoracic Cage
12 Costal Cartilages and 12 ribs on each side
29
Anterior Boundary of Thoracic Cage
sternum on midline and 12 Costal Cartilages
30
Posterior Boundary of Thoracic Cage
thoracic vertebrae at midline and associated ribs
31
Functions of Thoracic Wall
1. protect heart, lungs, neurovascular structures, and superiority located abdominal organs 2. provide attachment sites for respiratory muscles 3. attachment sites for muscles that belong to other regions of body (i.e. neck, upper limb, abdomen)
32
MANUBRIUM
widest and thickest, superior part of Sternum has slight u shape superiorly aka JUGULAR NOTCH on superiolaterally are CLAVICULAR NOTCH laterally on each side are Costal Notch I and COSTA NOTCH II ANGLE OF LOUIS is inferior sternal angle
33
BODY OF STERNUM
longest part of sternum w transverse ridges on anterior surface Costal Notches II-VII Costal Notch VII articulates costal cartilages 7-10
34
XIPHOID PROCESS
most inferior part of Sternum Articulates w superior Body of Sternum at xiphisternal joint
35
RIBS
consist of head, neck tubercle, and shaft
36
Ribs w 1 Articular facet on their head
1, 10-12
37
Ribs that lack neck and tubercle
11 12
38
Ribs w extra bony features
1 2
39
HEAD of Ribs
round posterior extremity contains 1-2 Articular Surface for corresponding superior articular surface of Thoracic Vertebrae
40
NECK of Ribs
narrower section that connects HEAD to SHAFT of rib
41
TUBERCLE of ribs
lies posteriorly at junction of neck and shaft of rib
42
SHAFT of ribs
longest part to provide attachment sites for respiratory muscles has COSTAL GROOVE in inferior aspect of internal surface has ANTERIOR SURFACE for costal cartilages to attach to
43
COSTAL GROOVE
provides space for intercostal artery, nerve, and vein to run
44
3 Types of Ribs
1 TRUE RIBS 2 FALSE RIBS 3 FLOATING RIBS
45
TRUE RIBS
Ribs who's Costal Cartilages are directly attached to Sternum Ribs 1-7
46
FALSE RIBS
Ribs indiretly attached to sternum Ribs 8-10 are attached to Costal Cartilage of Rib 7
47
FLOATING RIBS
ribs whos costal cartilage do not have attachment to the sternum Ribs 11 - 12
48
Movement of Thoracic Cage
1 Inspiration - contraction os muscles causes ribs to move superiority, sternum to move anteriorly, and diaphragm to move inferiorly 2 Expiration - muscles relax and ribs move inferiority, diaphragm returns upwards
49
Movements of Ribcage
when inferior aspect of sternum moves anterior, it increases the diameter of thoracic cage when ribcage moves superior, it increases the lateral diameter of thoracic cage
50
Bones of Pectoral/Shoulder Girdle
connects upper limbs to trunk consist of Scapula and Clavicle
51
ACROMION
spine of scapula that projects laterally
52
CLAVICLE
S shaped bone that connects to sternum and scapula
53
RADIUS
Lateral and shorter bone of the forearm PROXIMAL - HEAD (articulates w radial notch of Ulna, NECK, and RADIAL TUBEROSITY BODY DISTAL - broader than proximal end. has STYLOID PROCESS projection laterally, ULNAR NOTCH
54
Common forearm fractures
1 Colles Fracture - distal displacement from falling on outstretched hands 2 Smith's Fracture - distal displacement of hand/wrist from falling onto back of hands
55
ULNA
most medial and longer forearm. Ulna is the stabilizer composed of proximal end, shaft, and distal end
56
proximal part of Ula
massive hook which consist of OLCRANEON PROCESS (pointy elbow) and CORANOID PROCESS (projects fr anterior of ulna) on lateral side is RADIAL NOTCH (concave) most distal side is ULNAR TUBEROSITY (where brachailis muscle attaches)
57
distal end of ULNA
smooth rounded head has ULNAR STYLOID PROCESS (cylindrical projection on the posterior head of Ulna) DOES NOT participate w wrist joints!!!
58
WRIST
made of 8 carpal bones allows for large degree of flexibility 2 ROWS
59
PROXIMAL ROW | from lateral to medial of wrists
SCAPHOID (most commonly fractured when person falls on their hand) LUNATE TRIQUETRUM PISIFORM (anterior of triquetrum)
60
DISTAL ROW | from lateral to medial
TRAPEZIUM TRAPEZOID CAPITATE HAMATE (has a process called HOOK OF HAMATE)
61
METACARPALS
``` I - THUMB II - INDEX III - MIDDLE IV - RING V - LITTLE FINGER ``` distal ends form the knuckles
62
14 PHALANGES
5 PROXIMAL 4 MIDDLE 5 DISTAL *thumb doesnt have a middle phalanx
63
BONY PELVIS
basin-like bony structure composed of left/right hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. orientation is slightly tilted anteriorly which means the weight of internal organs are supported by the pubic bone
64
HIP BONE
composed of 3 fused irregular bones: ILIUM (superiorly), ISCHIUM (posteroinferiorly), and PUBIS (anteroinferiorly) Weight bearing, protection, attachment site for trunk and limb muscles, and skeletal framework for birth canal
65
BONY PELVIS JOINTS
fibrous joint called PUBIC SYMPHYSIS connects right/left hip bones LEFT/RIGHT SACROILIAC JOINTS articulates the lateral aspect of sacrum to right/left iliac bones.
66
SACROILIAC JOINT
articulates the sacrum to the right and left ilium of the hip responsible for the eight transfer from axial skeleton down to lower limbs
67
PELVIC INLET
superior aperture of pelvis defines the boundary bw abdominal and pelvic cavities composed of PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, ARCUATE LINE of the ILIUM, sacral part of pelvic brinm, and SACRAL PROMONTORY heart shaped in males; oval shaped in females
68
PELVIC OUTLET
Coccyx,SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENT, ISCHIAL TEBEROSITY, ISCHIOPUBIC RAMUS, and PUBIC SYMPHYSIS diamond shaped on both sexes but larger in females
69
FALSE PELVIS
superior portion of pelvis; superior of pelvic inlet cup-shape area of iliac crest and oliac fossae
70
TRUE PELVIS
superior to pelvic outlet and inferior to pelvic inlet
71
PELVIC CAVITY
space contained within TRUE PELVIS and surrounded by fibromuscular structures of pelvic wall, and pelvic floor organs: urinary bladder, rectum, pelvic parts of genitelia,
72
SCIATIC FORAMENS
different fr other openings in body bc its not completely enclosed by bones GREATER SCIATIC FORAMEN enclosed by sciatic notch, sacrospinous ligament, and sacrum LESSER SCIATIC FORAMEN enclosed by sciatic notch, sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament
73
ACETABULUM
area of hip bone that articulates with HEAD OF FEMUR and made of ilium, ischium, and pubis bone. alsmost hemispherical cavity anteroinferiorly
74
OBTURATOR FORAMEN
opening between ischium, pubis bone, and acetabulum
75
SKULL
22 bones subdivided into NEUROCRANIUM (skullcap and cranial base) and VISCEROCRANIUM (face)
76
NEUROCRANIUM
4 unpaired bones in midline: FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID, OCCIPITAL 4 bilateral pairs: (2)TEMPORAL BONES, (2) PARIETAL BONES
77
VISCEROCRANIUM
3 unpaired bones MANDIBLE, VOMER 6 paired NASAL BONE, MAXILLAE, ZYGOMATIC, NASAL CONCHAE, LACRIMAL, PALATINE
78
CRANIAL FOSSAE
step like depression within cranial cavity which allows for cerebellum, brainstem, to rest against skull 3 main: ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, POSTERIOR
79
SUTURES
fibrous joints connected via dense connective tissue strong, stable, inmovable during early dvlpt. known as FONTANELLES and then they ossify
80
4 Cranial Sutures
CORONAL SAGITTAL LABDOID SQUAMOUS
81
CORONAL SUTURE
connects frontal bone (anteriorly) and 2 parietal bones (posteriorly)
82
SAGITTAL SUTURE
runs anterior to posterior connecting 2 parietal bones
83
SQUAMOUS SUTURE
only bilateral suture connects temporal bone (inferiorly) to parietal bone (superiorly)
84
LAMBDOID SUTURE
connects occipital bone (posterior and inferiorly) to 2 parietal bones (superiorly)
85
PARANASAL SINUSES
series of cavities along the nose or nasal cavity lined w mucus producing cells main functions: decrease overall weight of skull, and add resonance to the voice
86
FRONTAL SINUS
superior and medial to the orbits of eyes
87
MAXILLARY SINUSES
2 largest sinuses inferior to frontal sinuses drains superiorly and most prime to infection
88
SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
posterior to sphenoid bones (almost completely center of skull) is sphneoidal sinuses
89
ETHMOIDAL SINUS
aka ETHMOID AIR CELLS | can be broken down to as many as 18 cells in an adult
90
FORAMINA OF THE SKULLS
opening thru which cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and other structures pass though to enter/exit the brain identified by following cranial nerves: CN-I starts anteriorly and ends with CN-XII posteriorly
91
LIST OF FORAMINAS OF SKULL
``` CRIBRIFORM PLATE OPTIC FORAMEN/CANAL SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE FORAMEN ROTUNDUM FORAMEN OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS JUGULAR FORAMEN HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE FORAMEN MAGNUM FORAMEN LACERUM ```
92
CRIBRIFORM PLATE
CN-I most anterior aspect of skull located w/in ethmoid bone
93
OPTIC FORAMEN/CANAL
CN-II and ophthalmic artery posterior to cribriform plate; first of many openings of sphenoid bone
94
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
opens into orbit for CN-III (ocuomotor), IV (trochlear), V1 (ophthalmic div. of trigeminal nerve), larger than avg opening; boomerang shaped
95
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
``` CN V2 (maxillary div. of trigeminal nerve) CN V3 (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve) ```
96
FORAMEN SPINOSUM
no CN; middle meningeal artery/vein pass thrusmallest opening of all sphenoid bones; posterolateral of foramen ovale
97
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS
CN-VII (facial nerve), CN-VIII (vestibulocochlear) temporal bone (petrous ridge)
98
JUGULAR FORAMEN
CN-IX(glossopharyngeal nerve), CN-X(vagus nerve), CN-XI (spinal accessory nerve)
99
FORAMEN MAGNUM
largest openng in skull for SPINAL CORD no CN
100
FORAMEN LACERUM
Internal Carotid Artery appears at superior point (doesn't pass thru, just bounces off) bw sphenoid and temporal bone covered in cartilage
101
HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
CN-XII hypoglossal nerve | inferior surface of skull
102
MANDIBLE
has ALVEOLAR PROCESS that holes mandibular teeth 2 U shaped processes in most superior: CONDYLE OF THE MANDIBLE (most posterior) and CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE (anterior to condyle)
103
CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE
important for temporo-mandibular joing
104
CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE
important for attachment of muscles for movement
105
RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE
inferior to Condyle and Coronoid of Mandible, posterolateral to Body of Mandible has sharp 90 degree angle called ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE
106
Body of Mandible
most anterior portion
107
RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE
inferior to Condyle and Coronoid of Mandible, posterolateral to Body of Mandible has sharp 90 degree angle called ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE in medial surface, has MANDIBULAR FORAMEN (for nerves, blood vessels, for sensation on chill, lower lip, buccal gingivae, and teeth)
108
Body of Mandible
most anterior portion has ALVEOLAR PROCESS (for teeth) and 2 MENTAL FORAMEN (small passageway for MENTAL NERVE)
109
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT | (TMJ)
hinge type of synovial joint (allows mvmt in more planes than avg hinge joint) ``` 2 bony features separated by fibrocartilage disc: MANDIBULAR PROCESS (of mandible) and MANDIBULAR FOSSA (of temporal bone) ```
110
3 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT MVMT
elevation depression protraction retraction
111
2 sets of Teeth
``` 1 PRIMARY (DECIDUOUS, 20 teeth) 2 SECONDARY (PERMANENT, 32 teeth) ```
112
4 Quadrants of Teeth
L + R Maxilla | L + R Mandible
113
3 Components of Tooth
Crown Neck covered by GINGIVAL (gum) Root embedded in alveolar bone
114
GOMPHOSIS JOINT
fibrous joint that attached tooth to bone
115
Categories of Teeth
INCISORS (8 total; 2 in each medial quadrant) CANINE (4 total, 1 lateral to incisors in each quadrant) PREMOLARS (8 total, 2 lateral to canine in each quadrant) MOLARS (12 total, 3 in each quad, most posterior)

Human Anatomy (29 decks)

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