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Human Anatomy > Digestive System II: Lower GI Tract & Accessory Organs > Flashcards

Digestive System II: Lower GI Tract & Accessory Organs Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

esophagus

A

tube that extends inferiorly from the pharynx

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2
Q

esophagus is responsible for

A

conducting food inferiorly through the thoracic cavity to the stomach

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3
Q

the outermost layer of the esophagus is considered to be

A

adventitia

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4
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm before it connects the the stomach

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5
Q

2 sphincter muscles preventing backward movement of food in esophagus

A

superior esophageal sphincter, inferior esophageal sphincter

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6
Q

superior esophageal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, under voluntary control

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7
Q

inferior esophageal sphincter

A

smooth muscle, under involuntary control

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8
Q

where is the inferior esophageal sphincter

A

at the entrance of the stomach

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9
Q

transition of skeletal to smooth muscle in esophagus occurs in

A

muscularis layer

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10
Q

where is bolus processed into chyme?

A

stomach (it continues mechanical and chemical digestion)

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11
Q

4 named regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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12
Q

cardia

A

where esophagus meets stomach

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13
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

closes off preventing contents of stomach from squeezing back up

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14
Q

fundus

A

superior lateral portion of the stomach

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15
Q

body

A

largest portion of the stomach

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16
Q

pylorus

A

funnel exit region of the stomach

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17
Q

pyloric antrum

A

hollow space inside of the pylorus

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18
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

smooth sphincter muscle controlling the entrance to the duodenum

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19
Q

2 curvatures of the stomach

A

greater curvature, lesser curvature

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20
Q

greater curvature

A

attachment point for greater omentum

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21
Q

lesser curvature

A

attachment point for the lesser omentum which attaches to the liver to the stomach

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22
Q

muscularis oblique layer

A

has fascicles at an angle to those of the circular layer and longitudinal layer

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23
Q

muscularis oblique layer allows for

A

more mechanical digestion

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24
Q

stomach is lined with

A

simple columnar epithelium

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25
stomach is indented with
gastric pits
26
gastric pits
epithelium is indented by numerous depressions
27
gastric pits have openings to
branched gastric glands
28
gastric glands are responsible for
secreting some of the products of the stomach (digestive enzyme, hormones)
29
functions of the somtach
mechanically digest food, chemical digestion (proteins and limited digestion of lipids), release gastric intrinsic factor, release gastrin
30
gastric intrinsic factor
necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 later on in small intestine
31
gastrin
peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the cells of the stomach and aids in motility
32
cell types in gastric pit
surface mucous cell, mucous neck cell, parietal cell, chief cell, enteroendocrine cell
33
mucous neck cell and surface mucous cell are responsible for
creating mucus that helps to protect the lining of the stomach itself so that stomach acid doesn't break down tissues that makeup stomach
34
chief cell
secrete digestive enzymes that break down proteins and lipids
35
parietal cell
secretes hydrochloric acid
36
enteroendocrine cell
give stomach endocrine functionality
37
small intestine finishes
chemical digestion
38
small intestine is responsible for
most nutrient absorption
39
any material ingested spends at least
12 hours in the small intestine
40
3 distinct regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
41
jejunum is the primary region for
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
42
what is the duodenum attached to?
stomach
43
what is the ileum attached to
large intestine
44
projection of the duodenum
major duodenal papilla
45
major duodenal papilla is site where
we get secretions from the accessory organs which counteract acidity form stomach (help to breakdown lipids in the small intestine)
46
duodenal glands
secrete fluid that counteracts some of the acidity from the stomach
47
ileum has specialized
immune surveillance structures; lymph nodes in submucosa
48
lymphatic structure of the ileum
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)/Peyer's patches
49
where are MALT's found?
appendix and small intestine
50
MALT
produce big masses in submucosa
51
circular folds in small intestine are formed by
mucosa, submucosa
52
circular folds aid in
slowing down food and increase surface area
53
circular folds are lined with
intestinal villi made from mucosa
54
villi aids in
absorption and increase the surface area of small intstine
55
large intestine helps to
absorb fluids (water, ions) from indigestible waste
56
large intestine purpose
compact indigestable waste and solidifies them into feces which are stored in the large intestine until defecation
57
sections of the large intestine
cecum, ileocecal valce, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, tenia coli, haustra, omental appendices
58
projection from the cecum
appendix
59
what is the appendix important for?
immune regulation
60
is the ileocecal valve a true sphincter?
no
61
purpose of the ileocecal valve?
prevents microorganisms from traveling from large intestine to small intestine
62
rectum
muscular tube that readily expands to store the accumulated fecal matter prior to defecation
63
rectal valve
ensures fecal material is retained during passage of gas
64
internal anal sphincter is
involuntary (smooth)
65
external sphincter is
voluntary (skeletal muscle)
66
tenia coli
3 bands of longitudinal muscle on surface of large intestine
67
haustra
bunches of large intestine created by tenia coli
68
omental appendices
small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat and situated all along the large intestine
69
accessory organs are required for
digestion but not part of GI tract
70
gallbladder
stores t he secretions from the liver until released into the small intestine
71
liver function
refining blood that comes from the digestive tract and secreting material to be removed from the body
72
parts of the liver
falciform ligament, round ligament, ligamentum venosum, porta hepatis
73
ligamentum venosum, round ligament are remnants of
embryo
74
porta hepatis
where vessels, bile ducts, nerve enters into the liver
75
hepatic lobules
functional units of the liver
76
hepatocytes
cells of the liver
77
portal triads of periphery of each hepatic lobule is made of
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein
78
hepatic artery
brings oxygenated blood and nutrients to support hepatocytes
79
hepatic portal vein
brins deoxygenated blood and nutrient rich blood from the GI tract
80
triad blood moves
into open space and mixes
81
sinusoids
open spaces where oxygenate and deoxygenated blood mix in hepatic lobules
82
how does blood get processed/refined in liver?
blood drained into central vein at center of hepatic lobule > drain into hepatic veins > to inferior vena cava
83
when does bile get produced?
hepatocytes produce bile when processing blood
84
functions of the liver
produces/releases bile, detoxifies blood, stores excess nutrients absorbed by GI tract, produces plasma proteins
85
gallbladder purpose
serves to concentrate and to store bile
86
bile salts are released to help
break down lipids; result of endocrine activity
87
biliary apparatus
gallbladder and associated ducts
88
pancreas functions
endocrine, exocrine
89
pancreatic islets
section of pancreas the perform endocrine functions
90
pancreatic islets function
secretes hormones directly to interstitial fluid (insulin, glucagon)
91
pancreatic acini
sections of pancreas that perform exocrine function
92
pancreatic acini function
secretes pancreatic juices and enzymes
93
pancreatic juices
liquid secreted by pancreas containing enzymes that help with digestion and neutralize acidity of stomach
94
accessory organs
liver, gallbladder/biliary apparatus, pancreas

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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