Cytology and Histology Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Cytology
A
study of the cell
2
Q
What cell can be seen with the human eye?
A
human egg cell
3
Q
Common Structural and Functional Features of the Cell
A
organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm (fluid inside cell)
4
Q
Zygote
A
formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg to make one cell with complete set of genetic material
5
Q
Cells…
A
structural building blocks of all life, produced by the division of preexisting cells, form all the structures in the body cells, perform all vital functions of the body
6
Q
Cells perform all the functions of living things
A
grow, develop, reproduce, take in energy and use, produce waste, respond to stimulus, maintain constant internal conditions, move, communicate
7
Q
Sex Cells
A
sperm and oocytes
8
Q
How much genetic material do sperm/oocytes contain?
A
half
9
Q
Somatic Cells
A
all the other cells in the body that are not sex cells
10
Q
3 Main Parts of the Cell
A
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, phospholipid bilayer
11
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
outer layer of the cell made by phospholipid bilayer
12
Q
Cytoplasm
A
everything inside the membrane
13
Q
Cytoplasm includes…
A
cytosol and organelles
14
Q
Cytosol
A
fluid inside of the cell
15
Q
Organelles
A
specialized structures which help carry out function in cell
16
Q
Organelles float in the
A
cytosol
17
Q
Nonmembranous organelles
A
cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, microvilli, ribosomes
18
Q
Membranous organelles
A
mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
19
Q
Semipermeable
A
allows certain materials to travel through the cell
20
Q
Extracellular
A
outside of the phospholipid
21
Q
Intracellular
A
inside of the phospholipid
22
Q
4 components of the cell membrane
A
phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
23
Q
Purpose of proteins in cell membrane
A
provide structure, form channels, act as receptor sites
24
Q
Leak channel/pore
A
lets different compounds leak through
25
Gated channel
lets certain compounds go through
26
Cholesterol
stabilizes cell membrane and fluidity
27
Carbohydrates
helps other cells identify the cell (found on the outside of the cell)
28
Membrane Transport types
passive and active processes
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Passive Process
moving from high concentration to low
30
Active Processes
moving from low to high concentration; requires work
31
Types of passive processes
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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Types of active processes
pump, bulk transport
33
Diffusion
movement of molecules from high to low concentration
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Osmosis
water traveling across a membrane
35
Facilitated diffusion
molecules that are too large or too much of a charge so they use protein to go across
36
Facilitated diffusion proteins
protein channel or carrier protein
37
Pump transport
proteins that can move specific substances across membrane
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Most common pump transport
sodium potassium exchange pump
39
Sodium potassium exchange pump products
pushed out 3 sodium ions per ATP and pulls in 2 potassium ions
40
Bulk transport
uses special membrane bubbles (vesicles) to transport large particles into/out of cell
41
Types of bulk transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
42
Endocytosis
bring into the cell
43
Types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
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Phagocytosis
membrane envelops cell (cell eating)
45
Pinocytosis
vesicle that forms at plasma membrane bringing fluid into cell (fluid drinking)
46
Exocytosis
waste is removed in vesicles out the cell
47
Cytoskeleton
proteins that give the cell structure
48
Cytoskeleton helps...
shape, support and move things around in the cell
49
Cytoskeleton is organized into
filaments and tubules
50
3 different types of filaments/tubules
microtubule, microfilaments, intermediate filament
51
Microtubule
maintain the structure of cell, helps with cellular division, moves/anchors organelles, make up cilia and flagella
52
Microfilament
causes shape of cell to change
53
Intermediate filament
give structure to cell: stabilize organelle position, provide strength
54
Cell extensions
cilia, flagella, microvilli
55
cilia provides... (bacteria)
movement
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cilia provides... (human cells)
move things along outer surface
57
cilia physical appearance
numerous and short
58
where is cilia found?
uterus and respiratory tract
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flagella
grouping of microtubules that help to move the cell or move things over the surface of the cell
60
only human cell with flagella
sperm cell; one long extension which helps cell swim
61
flagella physical appearance
few and long appendage
62
Microvilli
microextension of the cell produced by the plasma membrane
63
purpose of microvilli
increases surface area; allows increased levels of absorption from outside the cell
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where is microvilli found?
found in high absorption areas: small intestine
65
ribosome
where protein synthesis occurs
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where are ribosomes found?
cytoplasm and rough ER
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free ribosome
found open in cytoplasm
68
free ribosomes make proteins used for...
the inside of the cell
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fixed ribosomes
attached to ER
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fixed ribosomes make proteins that...
cell needs and exported from the cell for work elsewhere in the body
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ribosomes are composed of
rRNA and proteins
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Mitochondria
produces ATP
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compartments of the mitochondria
2 compartments: inner and outer
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positives of 2 compartments in mitochondria
provides the ability to have 2 different chemical reactions
75
what does the mitochondria burn to release energy?
hydrocarbons (glucose)
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Cells which perform more work have...
more mitochondria (arms, legs, heart muscles)
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nucleus
control center of the cells which contains DNA
78
DNA
genetic material of the cell
79
largest organelle of the cell
nucleus
80
nucleus is surrounded by
nuclear envelope
81
nuclear envelope
double layered membrane
82
nuclear pores
holes in membrane which allows RNA through
83
DNA floating in the nucleus is transcribed into
RNA and travels out to ribosomes
84
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm where products are synthesized or stored
85
smooth ER
synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, and plays role in detoxification
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detoxification
removes harmful substances from the cell
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rough ER
synthesizes proteins; where fixed ribosomes are
88
proteins are made of
amino acids strung together
89
golgi apparatus
responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles for use outside of cell, repairs/renews/modifies plasma membrane
90
Lysosome and peroxisomes
small vesicles that contain digestive enzymes; responsible for absorbing nutrients (good at digesting fatty acids)
91
lysosomes
break down excess or worn down organelles using enzymes contained in them, destroy invading pathogens
92
lysosome enzymes work in
oxygen poor and low pH/acidic environment
93
peroxisomes hold onto enzymes which require
oxygen
94
peroxisomes
digestive enzymes surrounded my membrane
95
lysosomes/peroxisomes can form
solids cores; high density of enzyme
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solid core in peroxisome
crystalloid core
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enzymes
proteins which cause a reaction to occur
98
3 main forms of cell attachment
tight junction, desmosomes, gap junction
99
tight junction (impermeable junctions)
prevents leaking between cells and waterproof; prevents molecules from passing through intercellular space using interlocking junctional proteins
100
desmosomes (strong anchoring junctions)
bind adjacent cells to help form an internal tension reducing network of fibers
101
desmosomes structure
proteins extend into the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and interlock into intracellular space between the two membranes
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gap junctions (communication junctions)
allow for ions and small molecules to pass through allowing intracellular communication
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gap junction communication
Particles that pass through relay a chemical message from one cell to another cell; allows heart cells to beat at the same time
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gap junction are made of proteins that form
channels between membranes
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desmosomes help reinforce
tight junctions and gap junctions; always found with desmosomes
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which junction can be found alone?
desmosomes
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simple squamous ET purpose
protection and allows diffusion
108
simple squamous ET found in
lungs, kidney
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stratified squamous ET purpose
protection (physical, chemical, infection)
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epithelial tissue characteristics
1. cellularity 2. polarity 3. attachment 4. regeneration 5. avascular
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basement membrane
network of glycoproteins and protein providing attachment site (apical and basal surface)
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exocrine glands
release secretion directly onto body’s external or internal surfaces
113
3 classifications of exocrine glands
merocrine gland, apocrine gland, holocrine glands
114
most common exocrine gland
merocrine gland
115
merocrine gland
secrete product through exocytosis; released in duct
116
what kind of glands are included in merocrine gland?
sweat, salivary, gastric glands
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apocrine gland
release secretion by pinching off the entire top of the cell
118
what kind of glands are included in apocrine gland?
mammary glands, ceruminous (ear wax glands)
119
holocrine gland
entire cell ruptures and dies which releases the product into the duct; cell replacement undergoes
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what kind of glands are included in holocrine gland?
sebaceous oil glands
121
connective tissue characteristics
1. no cellularity 2. no polarity 3. no attachment 4. slow regeneration 5. vascular
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matrix
ground substance; everything outside the cell
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chondrocytes
cells that live within cartilage; responsible for secreting polysaccharides
124
chondroitin sulfates
polysaccharides that form semi-solid gel with matrix proteins to make gel of proteoglycans
125
lacuna(e)
space created in supportive CT (cartilages)
126
proteoglycans
mix of proteins and carbohydrates
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weakest supportive CT
hyaline cartilage CT (does not have anchoring fibers)
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cells present in hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes, collagen fibers
129
hyaline cartilage
flexible support/protection, reduce friciton
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hyaline cartilage location
long bonds, ribs, nose, respiratory tract, embryonic skeleton
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strongest cartilage
fibrocartilage CT
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fibrocartilage CT
limit bone to bone contact and limits joint motions (spine vertebrae, meniscus of knee)
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most flexible CT
elastic cartilage CT
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elastic cartilage CT
support, maintain shape (flexibility)
135
elastic cartilage CT location
pinna of ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes, tip of nose
136
bone CT
site of active blood cell formation, mineral/energy storage, levels for body movement, supportive framework
137
hydroxyapatite
minerals which make up hardened bone matrix
138
what do minerals in hydroxyapatite allow for?
resistance to compression and provides hardness
139
what do the minerals form?
calcium crystals
140
cells present in bone CT
osteocyte, osteoblast, osteogenic cell, osteoclast
141
bone cell maturation
osteogenic cells can mature into osteoblasts which can mature into osteocytes
142
osteogenic cell
stem cells that can develop into active bone cells (osteoblasts)
143
where are osteogenic cells present?
outside of bone, along the outside surface, along inner surface
144
osteocyte
mature bone cells which maintain bone tissue
145
spongey v compact bone
compact bone: dense and solid
spongy bone: open
146
ectoderm (outer layer)
forms exterior surfaces (eg. epidermal cells of skin, epidermal derivatives: hair/nails/glands, neural components: neurons/brain/spinal cord/nerves, neural crest cells)
147
mesoderm (middle layer)
develops into the internal epithelial structures (eg. lining of body cavities, lining of kidney tubules, notochord, bone tissue, tubule cell of the kidney, red blood cells, facial muscle)
148
endoderm (internal layer)
glandular derivatives of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, endocrine systems; form functional part of glandular part of organs
149
CT proper made of
cells, ground substance, protein fibers
150
CT proper tissue
elastic and collagen
151
dense irregular v regular
regular movement is linear, irregular movement is bilateral
152
