Introduction to Anatomy/Terminology Flashcards by Kiara Santos

Gross Anatomy

branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye

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Systemic Anatomy

study of the structure that makes up a discrete body system

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Discrete Body System

group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function

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Microscopic Anatomy

study of anatomy with the use of specials aids that help visualize structures

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Cytology

study of cells

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Histology

study of tissues

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Body Organization: 6 Distinct Levels

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism (human)

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Integumentary System: Function

encloses internal structures, site of many sensory receptors, protects against environmental hazards, helps control temperature

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Integumentary System: Major Organs

skin

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Skeletal System: Function

support the body by protecting soft tissues, enable the body to move together w/ skeletal system

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Skeletal System: Major Organs

bones, joints, cartilage

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Muscular System: Function

provides movement and support together w/ skeletal system, helps generate heat

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Muscular System: Major Organs

skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments to which they are attached

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Nervous System: Function

it detects and processes sensory information, coordinates the activities of other organ systems

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Nervous System: Major Organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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Endocrine System: Function

responsible for integration and regulation: directs long term changes in the activity of organ systems by secreting hormones that travel throughout the body and regulate those bodily processes

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Endocrine System: Major Organs

glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal), pancreas, ovaires

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Cardiovascular System: Function

distributes materials throughout the body: delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, helps equalize temperatures in the body by pumping blood throughout the body

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Cardiovascular System: Major Organs

heart, blood vessels (associated with heart and blood that travels through those blood vessels)

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Lymphatic System: Function

fluid transport, return fluid to the blood from body tissues, defends against pathogens

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Lymphatic System: Major Organs

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

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Lymph nodes

where content of body fluid is monitored

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Respiratory System: Function

remove carbon dioxide from the body, delivering oxygen throughout the body, gas exchange between between the air and circulating blood

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Respiratory System: Major Organs

lungs, nasal cavity, trachea

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Digestive System: Function

responsible for processing and digesting food for use by the body, absorbing nutrients, removes waste from undigested food

Digestive System: Major Organs

stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Digestive System: Accessory Organs

liver, gallbladder

Urinary System: Function

controls water balance in body by elimination excess water/salt/waste, controls pH, regulates blood pressure by removing fluid from body

Urinary System: Major Organs

kidneys, urinary bladder

Reproductive System: Function

produce sex cells and hormones

Reproductive System: Male Function

responsible for delivering gametes to female

Reproductive System: Female Function

responsible for supporting the embryo/fetus until birth, producing milk to support the infant after birth

Reproductive System: Male Major Organs

testes, epididymis

Reproductive System: Female Major Organs

mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

3 Divisions of the Body

body wall, body cavities, organs

Body Wall

frame work of the trunk

Body Wall includes

skin, skeleton, muscle

Extensions of the body wall

arms, head, legs

Body Cavities

internal space that holds vital organs

Largest Body Cavity

vental cavity

Body Cavity holds what organs?

digestive, urinary, respiratory organs

body cavities are inside

inside torso and abdomen

Organs

discrete structures within the body that are capable of performing specific functions

Major Body Cavities

dorsal and ventral cavity

Dorsal Cavity includes

cranial and spinal cavity

Ventral Cavity includes

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity separated by

pleural and mediastinum cavity

Pleural cavity houses

left and right lung

Mediastinum Cavity

structure in between the lungs

Mediastinum cavity houses

esophagus, trachea, heart

What cavity is contained in mediastinum?

pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic cavities

abdomen and pelvic

Abdomen Cavity holds

holds organs of digestion and some urinary system structures

Pelvic Cavity holds

holds reproductive structures and some urinary system structures

What smooth muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

diaphragm

Diaphragm

responsible for changing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity causing exhalation and inhalation

Serous Membranes

specialized membranes which which secrete a slippery fluid allowing fricitonless movement of moist organs across from one another

4 Components of Serous Membrane

1. serous cavities 2. serous fluid 3. visceral serous membrane 4. parietal serous membrane

Serous Cavities

space between two layers of membrane

Serous Fluid

Housed inside the serous cavity

Visceral Serous Membrane

membrane overlying the surface of the organ (up against guts and organs)

Parietal Serous Membrane

membrane which is touching other moving organs

Serous Membrane Examples

1. around the heart: pericardium 2. around the lungs: pleura 3. around the digestive organs: peritoneum

Pericardium Serous Components

pericardium fluid, visceral/parietal pericardium

Pleura Serous Components

pleural space, pleural fluid, visceral/parietal pleura

The body is...

not a solid mass of cells, but one large hollow structure

Trunk

large hollow structure subdivided into small space

Cavities

hollow spaces where specialized organs are contained

Extremities

arms and legs

Standard Anatomic Position (SAP)

individual is standing upright, upper limbs at side, feet together, toes pointing forwards, face directed forwards, palms forward, thumbs lateral to the midline

Cephalic region

everything in head

Parts of the cephalic region

cranial, nasal, cervical, ocular, otic, buccal, oral region

Cranial Region

skull

Nasal Region

nose

Cervical Region

neck

Ocular Region

eye

Buccal Region

cheek

Oral Region

mouth

Axillary Region

armpit region

Brachial Region

upper part of the arm (bicep)

Antebrachial Region

forearm

Carpal Region

wrist

Manual Region

whole area of the hand

Parts of the Manual Region

palmar, digital region, pollicis

Femoral Region

thigh

Patellar Region

knee cap

Crural region

lower part of the lower limb (shin)

Pedal Region

foot

Parts of the Pedal Region

tarsal (ankle), phalangeal (toes), hallucis, plantar, calcaneal

Digital Region

fingers, toes

Thoracic Region contains

heart, lungs, mediastinum

Mammary Region

breast/pectoralis

Abdominal Region

contains abdominal cavity

Part of the Abdominal Region

umbilical region

Umbilical Region

belly button

Antecubital Region

inside of the elbow (where blood draws occur)

Pelvic Region

below abdominal region, above femoral region

Parts of the Pelvic Region

coxal, inguinal, pubic region

Coxal Region

hip

Inguinal Region

groin

Acromial Region

point of the shoulder (scapula)

Olecranal Region

posterior of the elbow

Lumbar Region

lower back

Gluteal Region

buttox

Popliteal Region

posterior knee

Sural Region

calf

Calcaneal Region

heel

Pollicis Region

thumb

Hallucis Region

big toe

Dorsal Region

whole back side

Directional/relative terminology

describing where on the body a part is in relation to something else

Superior and Inferior

refers to structures on the trunk

Superior (cranial)

towards the head

Inferior (caudal)

towards the feet

towards the front

Posterior

towards the back

Superficial

towards the surface

Deep

towards the inside

Supine

lying on back

Prone

lying on stomach

Supinates

palms facing out

Pronated

palms facing towards the back

Medial

towards midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

close to point of attachement

Distal

far from point of attachment

Sections (planes)

sagittal, midsagittal, coronal/front, transverse sections

Saggital Section

separates left and right sides

Midsagittal

divides the body in equal left and right halves

Parasagittal

divides body/organ into unequal right and left sections

Coronal/Front section

separates the front and back

Transverse Section

separates the top from the bottom

Introduction to Anatomy/Terminology Flashcards

(132 cards)