Blood Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
blood
A
CT with mixture of cells, chemicals and fluids
2
Q
blood is responsible for
A
transporting substances throughout body and maintain a stable environment
3
Q
blood includes
A
RBC, WBC, platelets
4
Q
platelets
A
cell fragments
5
Q
2 body fluid compartments
A
intracellular, extracellular compartment
6
Q
intracellular compartment
A
cytosol/cytoplasm
7
Q
intracellular fluid
A
everything inside of the plasma membrane; 60% of water in human body
8
Q
extracellular compartment
A
everything outside of the cell; 2/3rds of body’s water content
9
Q
20% of extracellular compartment is found in
A
plasma
10
Q
plasma travels/transports
A
travels in blood vessels; transports blood cells, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gasses, waste
11
Q
gasses, nutrients, and waste travel between
A
capillaries and into intracellular compartment via interstitial fluid
12
Q
where are clotting factors included?
A
proteins
13
Q
3 main components of the cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood vessels, blood
14
Q
heart
A
muscular pump
15
Q
heart produces
A
electrical pulses through cardiac conduction
16
Q
cardiac conduction causes
A
heart to contract/relax to produce heartbeat
17
Q
what drives the cardiac cycle?
A
beating of the heart
18
Q
cardiac cycle
A
pumps blood through blood vessels and sites where they can exchange with all cells and tissues of the body
19
Q
blood vessels
A
tubes that blood travels in
20
Q
eg. of blood vessels
A
arteries, capillaries, veins
21
Q
arteries
A
aid in blood travel away from the heart
22
Q
capillaries
A
where exchange occurs
23
Q
capillaries are responsible for
A
delivering nutrients and removing waste products during cellular processes; includes oxygen/carbon dioxide
24
Q
veins
A
where veins travel back to the heart
25
RBCs contain high amounts of
hemoglobin
26
hemoglobin
iron containing protein molecule that binds to oxygen as oxygen molecules
27
circuits of the cardiovascular system
systemic, pulmonary circuit
28
systemic circuit
where cells use oxygen and produce CO2; transports oxygen rich blood throughout the body
29
pulmonary circuit
where oxygen poor blood travels through from the heart to the lungs
30
components of the blood
plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes
31
plasma is made up of
water, proteins, other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gasses, waste products)
32
buffy coat contains
white blood cells (leukocytes/platelets) which are responsible for clotting
33
functions of blood
transportation, regulation, protection
34
blood transports
oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste
35
blood regulation
maintains temperature, pH, and fluid levels in cardiovascular system
36
blood protection
leukocytes guard against infection by triggering immune response to antigens and blood carries antibodies
37
antigens
substances perceived as foreign
38
antibodies
proteins that can bind to antigens
39
erythrocyte transports
respiratory gasses
40
leukocytes
maintain an immune response against pathogens
41
platelets help with
blood clotting
42
erythrocytes size
7.5 micrometers in diameter
43
characteristics of erythrocytes
not true cells, lack organelles and nucleus, biconcave shape
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characteristics of erythrocytes benefits
maximizes ability to be filled with hemoglobin and maximize surface area to allow for gas
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rouleau
single file line blood cells are organized in when passing through small blood vessel
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erythrocytes remain within while leukocytes can
leave through walls of blood vessels for defensive purposes
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hemoglobin are composed of 4 protein subunits called
globins
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each globin contain a
heme group which contains a single iron ion at center
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each hemoglobin molecule can transport
4 oxygen molecules that are weakly attracted to an iron ion
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hemoglobin can transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide
51
lifespan of erythrocyte
120 days
52
erythrocyte lack
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
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respiration of erythrocyte
anaerobic respiration
54
life cycle of erythrocyte
1. erythrocyte forms in red bone marrow; circulate as reticulocyte for couple of days
2. erythrocytes enter the blood and circulate for 120 days carrying oxygen to tissues
3. once too brittle to continue function they get phagocytized in the liver/spleen
4. heme components of blood are recycled
5. proteins of erythrocytes are broken down into free amino acids and some are used to make new erythrocytes
55
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte
56
reticulocyte contains
remnants of organelles which are shed
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reticulocyte remnants of organelles are leftovers of
ribosomes
58
heme is converted into 2 components secreted in bile from the liver
billiverdin, billirubin
59
transferrin
protein that transports iron
60
transferring is stored in the
liver to be reused
61
blood types are based on
antigens on surface of erythrocytes and antibodies
62
plasma contains
antibodies that react with antigens from outside of the body
63
blood types
A, B, AB, O
64
type A
surface antigen A, anti-B antibodies
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type B
surface antigen B, anti-A antibodies
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type AB
surface antigens A/B, neither anti-A/B antibodies, universal recipient
67
type O
neither surface antigen A/B, both anti-A/B antibodies, universal donor
68
antibodies benefit
give broad spectrum protection against certain types of bacteria
69
agglutination reaction
clumping when receiving mismatched blood
70
agglutination reaction chemically
antibodies in plasma bind to surface antigens they regonize within erythrocyte plasma membranes
71
Rh Types
Rh positive, negative
72
what determines Rh type?
presence/absence of Rh factor
73
Rh positive
surface antigen D, no anti-D antibodies
74
Rh negaitve
no surface antigen D, no anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh+ blood
75
platelets
small irregular, membrane-enclosed cell fragments; do not have nucleus
76
platelets production
in red bone marrow from cells called megakaryocytes
77
megakaryocytes
large cells residing in red bone marrow that have processes that protect out into blood vessel wall
78
how megakaryocytes produce platelets?
blood pressure passing over processes break off pieces of cell membrane called platelets
79
how do platelets form blood clots?
form a fiber web that traps blood cells to form scabs and clots
80
blood clot
damaged blood vessels develop fragmented edges
81
what happens along these fragmented edges?
platelets stick and form a net with spiny irregular processes (platelet plug)
82
platelet plug prevents
more blood from leaving the body and prevents outside contamination
83
fibrin
protein fiber that traps erythrocytes/platelets and halts blood flow
84
clot is responsible for
repairing damage/halting loss of blood
85
leukocytes possess
nucleus and organelles
86
leukocytes are larger than
erythrocytes
87
leukocytes help
initiate an immune response and defend the body against pathogens
88
leukopenia
reduced number of cells
89
leukocytosis
elevated number of cells
90
what helps leukocytes get to pathogens?
flexibility and motility; ability of chemotaxis
91
ability of chemotaxis
attracted to chemicals that are found at the sites of infection
92
2 classes of leukocytes
granulocytes, agranulocytes
93
granulocytes types
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
94
agranulocytes types
lymphocytes, monocytes
95
phagocytosis
identifies pathogens bound by antibodies; destroy pathogen using lysosome
96
neutrophils
defend body by performing phagocytosis on bacteria and release enzymes that target pathogens
97
eosinophil
defend against parasites and involved in allergic reactions
98
basophils
involved in allergic reaction and inflammation
99
basophils release
histamine and heparin
100
histamine
dilates blood
101
heparin
anticoagulent
102
monocytes
perform phagocytosis and can exit blood vessels to become macrophages
103
largest leukocyte
monocyte
104
2 types of lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes, b-lymphocytes
105
t-lymphocytes
cytotoxic; disable and poison hostile cells
106
b-lymphocytes
produce antibodies
107
