Bones and the Skeletal System

Question 1

skeletal system is made up of

Answer 1

skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, connective tissues

Question 2

purpose of cartilage

Answer 2

help stabilize bones

Question 3

purpose of ligaments and connective tissues

Answer 3

stabilize the skeleton

Question 4

periosteum

Answer 4

CT surrounds each bone, links bones to other joints

Question 5

functions of skeletal system

Answer 5

provide support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, leverage/movement, protection

Question 6

provide support

Answer 6

framework for the attachment of other bones/organs

Question 7

storage of minerals

Answer 7

calcium and phosphate ions

Question 8

blood cell production

Answer 8

bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 9

leverage/movement

Answer 9

muscles pull on bones to produce movement and bones create the lever that they pull on

Question 10

protection

Answer 10

organs are protects by bones (eg. skull, vertebrae, pelvic bones, ribs

Question 11

location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 11

found on many joint surfaces and where joints meet each other (ribs, nose, larynx, trachea)

Question 12

fibrocartilage location

Answer 12

intervertebral discs (dominantly), pubic symphysis, insertion of ligaments and tendons

Question 13

elastic cartilage location

Answer 13

ears (cartilage in external ear), epiglottis

Question 14

functions of cartilage

Answer 14

support soft tissues, surface at articulations, precursor models for bone growth

Question 15

support soft tissues eg

Answer 15

airways, auricle of ear

Question 16

surface at articulations

Answer 16

provides gliding/stabilizing surfaces

Question 17

precursor model for bone growth

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage forms model skeleton for ossification

Question 18

2 types of cartilage growth

Answer 18

interstitial growth, appositional growth

Question 19

interstitial growth

Answer 19

grows within the cartilage iteself

Question 20

process of interstitial growth

Answer 20

1. chondrocytes within lacunae are stimulates to undergo mitosis
2. two cells (chondroblasts) occupy single lacunae
3. chondroblasts start to secrete new matrix and begin to push away from each other (each cell is now a chondrocyte)
4. cartilage continues to grow in the growth plate

Question 21

interstitial growth declines as

Answer 21

cartilage matures due to matrix being rigid and unable to expand

Question 22

appositional growth

Answer 22

growth that occurs along that cartilage outer edge

Question 23

difference in growth between appositional v interstitial

Answer 23

appositional = width, interstitial = length

Question 24

process of appositional growth

Answer 24

1. undifferentiated stem cells at internal edge of perichondrium begin to undergo mitosis
2. new undifferentiated stem cells are produced to replace themselves and develop into chondroblasts which from cartilage matrix
3. chondroblasts push apart due to the formation of matrix and then become chondrocytes with each occuping its own lacunae

Question 25

appositional growth continues on periphery until cartilage is... and growth only occurs when

Answer 25

is mature, injury to cartilage

Question 26

does appositional growth and interstitial growth occur at the same time?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

osteoprogenitor cell location

Answer 27

found on covering of bone, outer most layer, inner most layer of bone

Question 28

osteoprogenitor cell purpose

Answer 28

involved in repair of bone after break

Question 29

osteoblast location

Answer 29

inner and outer surface of bone

Question 30

osteocytes purpose

Answer 30

maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

Question 31

osteoclast

Answer 31

large multinucleated cells that secrete acids to dissolve bones to release calcium and phosphate ions into blood

Question 32

osteolysis

Answer 32

taking bone apart and adding minerals back into bloodstream if needed

Question 33

osteoblast v osteoclast activity

Answer 33

osteoblasts more active in children, osteoclasts more active in elderly

Question 34

balance between osteoclasts/osteoblasts may be dependent on

Answer 34

diet

Question 35

why is calcium needed in the blood stream?

Answer 35

regulates pH

Question 36

makeup of bone

Answer 36

bone cells, collagen fibers, ground substance

Question 37

calcium phosphate makes up

Answer 37

2/3 of bone mass

Question 38

hydroxyapatite crystals provides

Answer 38

strength against compression and resistance to weight

Question 39

2 types of osseous tissue

Answer 39

compact and spongy

Question 40

what bone surrounds the medullary cavity

Answer 40

spongy bone

Question 41

types of lamellae

Answer 41

concentric, interstitial, circumferential

Question 42

concentric lamellae

Answer 42

form circles around central canals

Question 43

interstitial lamellae

Answer 43

fragments of lamella that fill space between lamella

Question 44

circumferential lamellae

Answer 44

lamella on bone surface (most superficial)

Question 45

benefit of trabeculae

Answer 45

create strength to deal with stress from the side and form lightweight nature of bone

Question 46

purpose of spongy bone

Answer 46

reduce weight of bones, allow for multidirectional force resistance, create space for red bone marrow

Question 47

7 categories of bones

Answer 47

sutural, irregular, short, pneumatized, flat, long, sesamoid

Question 48

where can sesamoid bones be found?

Answer 48

possible to develop at the joints where the fingers are in individuals who have gone through pubertal growth

Question 49

external anatomy of long bones

Answer 49

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis

Question 50

diaphysis

Answer 50

elongated central part of long bones

Question 51

epiphysis

Answer 51

enlarged area located on ends

Question 52

what covers the epiphysis?

Answer 52

articular cartilage - reduces friction and absorbs shock when bones move at joint

Question 53

metaphysis

Answer 53

thin segment of bone that connect diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 54

external surface of long bone

Answer 54

periosteum

Question 55

2 layers of the periosteum

Answer 55

outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer

Question 56

outer fibrous layer CT

Answer 56

dense irregular CT

Question 57

outer fibrous layer purpose

Answer 57

protects bone

Question 58

long bone internal anatomy

Answer 58

endosteum, medullary cavity, epiphysis, diaphysis

Question 59

wall of diaphysis is made of

Answer 59

compact bone to protect and support

Question 60

endosteum

Answer 60

thin membrane that lines inside of compact bone (contains osteoblasts, some CT)

Question 61

medullary cavity

Answer 61

hollow space in the middle of the diaphysis

Question 62

epiphysis is made of

Answer 62

spongy bone

Question 63

proximal/distal epiphysis

Answer 63

expanded region closer/father to point of attachment

Question 64

epiphyseal line

Answer 64

boundary of epiphysis that defines point of growth in bone

Question 65

what cells are present in periosteum?

Answer 65

osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

Question 66

what cells are present in endosteum?

Answer 66

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Question 67

what kind of tissue is the endosteum made of?

Answer 67

epithelial tissue (resides between bone CT and yellow marrow)

Question 68

4 major sets of blood vessels associated with long bones

Answer 68

nutrient, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, periosteal vessels

Question 69

larget blood vessel

Answer 69

nurtient vessels

Question 70

where do nutrient vessels enter into?

Answer 70

medullary cavity/diaphysis

Question 71

where do nutrient vessels come through?

Answer 71

nutrient foramen - opening in bone

Question 72

nutrient vessel branches towards

Answer 72

epiphysis (ascending and descending branches)

Question 73

metaphyseal and epiphyseal vessels

Answer 73

secondary, smaller, feed region of metaphysis and epiphyseal

Question 74

metaphyseal and epiphyseal purpose

Answer 74

penetrate into bone to deliver oxygen/nutrients

Question 75

periosteal vessels

Answer 75

travel along the periosteum and penetrate into bone to deliver oxygen/nutrients