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BIOLOGY > DNA Mutations/Repair > Flashcards

DNA Mutations/Repair Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.

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2
Q

True or False: All mutations are harmful.

A

False

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3
Q

What are the two main types of mutations?

A

Gene mutations and chromosomal mutations.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: A _____ mutation involves the deletion or insertion of nucleotides

A

frameshift

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5
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

a change in a single nucleotide base pair.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of chromosomal mutation? A) Deletion B) Duplication C) Substitution D) Inversion

A

C) Substitution

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7
Q

What can cause mutations?

A

environmental factors, errors during DNA replication, or inherited from parents.

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8
Q

True or False: Mutations can lead to genetic diversity in a population.

A

True

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9
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Chromosomal mutations can affect the _____ of chromosomes.

A

structure

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11
Q

What is the result of a deletion mutation?

A

the loss of a segment of DNA from a chromosome.

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of mutation results in an extra copy of a chromosome segment? A) Deletion B) Inversion C) Duplication D) Translocation

A

C) Duplication

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13
Q

What is the difference between somatic and germline mutations?

A

Somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells, while germline mutations occur in reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring.

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14
Q

True or False: All mutations are inherited.

A

False

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15
Q

What is a translocation mutation?

A

A translocation mutation is when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

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16
Q

True or false: cystic fibrosis is caused by gene mutation

A

true

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17
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of mutation can lead to cancer? A) Point mutation B) Insertion C) Deletion D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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18
Q

What is the role of mutagens?

A

to increase the rate of mutation.

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19
Q

True or False: Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: substitution is a gene mutation where an extra base(s) is added

A

false

insertion

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21
Q

True or false: deletion is soley a gene mutation where a base is removed from the strand and genetic material is broken off

A

false

deletion acts as a gene and chromosal mutation

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22
Q

which form of gene mutation is when the wrong base is matched?

A

substitution

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23
Q

True or false: duplication is a gene mutation

A

false

duplication is a chromosomal mutation

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24
Q

True or false: translocation is a gene mutation

A

false

translocation is a chromosomal mutation

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25
Which form of chromosomal mutation occurs when genes are inversed?
inversion
26
what are the 2 types of point mutations?
transition and transversion
27
which form of point mutation is where a purine is replaced w/ a purine and a pyrimidine w/ another pyrimidine?
transition
28
which form of point mutation is where a purine is replaced w/ a pyrimidine and a pyrimidine w/ a purine?
transversion
29
What is the difference between a nonsense and a missense mutation?
nonsense is where the amino codon is changed to a stop codon and missense is where the amino sequence of a protein is changed
30
true or false: point mutations change the meaning of the following codons
false ## Footnote frameshift mutations
31
What is DNA repair?
The process by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to its DNA.
32
True or False: DNA repair mechanisms are only active during DNA replication.
False
33
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA?
DNA ligase
34
Fill in the blank: The _______ pathway is a major mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks.
homologous recombination
35
What is base excision repair (BER)?
A repair mechanism that corrects small, non-helix-distorting base lesions in DNA.
36
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a DNA repair mechanism? A) Nucleotide excision repair B) Base excision repair C) Protein synthesis D) Mismatch repair
C) Protein synthesis
37
What role do DNA repair proteins play?
They recognize and repair damaged DNA.
38
True or False: UV light can cause DNA damage.
True
39
What is nucleotide excision repair (NER)?
A DNA repair mechanism that removes bulky DNA adducts and lesions.
40
Fill in the blank: Mismatch repair is crucial for correcting _______ during DNA replication.
base pair mismatches
41
What is the primary consequence of unrepaired DNA damage?
Mutations
42
Multiple Choice: Which condition is associated with defective DNA repair mechanisms? A) Cancer B) Common cold C) Diabetes D) Hypertension
A) Cancer
43
What is the function of the protein p53 in DNA repair?
It regulates the cell cycle and promotes DNA repair or apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
44
True or False: All cells have the same DNA repair capacity.
False
45
What is translesion synthesis?
A DNA damage tolerance process that allows DNA replication to continue past a lesion.
46
Fill in the blank: _______ is a type of DNA repair that uses a template to repair damaged DNA.
Homologous recombination
47
What is the main purpose of the DNA damage checkpoint?
To prevent the cell cycle from proceeding with damaged DNA.
48
Multiple Choice: Which enzyme is involved in base excision repair? A) DNA polymerase B) RNA polymerase C) Helicase D) Ligase
A) DNA polymerase
49
What is the role of the enzyme AP endonuclease?
It cleaves the DNA backbone at apurinic/apyrimidinic sites during base excision repair.
50
What is direct reversal in DNA repair?
a mechanism that repairs DNA damage without the need for excision or replacement of nucleotides.
51
True or False: Mismatch repair is involved in correcting base pair mismatches that occur during DNA replication.
True
52
Fill in the blank: The enzyme _____ is responsible for removing damaged bases during direct reversal.
photolyase
53
Which type of DNA damage is primarily repaired by direct reversal?
Pyrimidine dimers caused by UV light.
54
What is the primary function of the mismatch repair system?
To correct errors that escape the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase.
55
Multiple Choice: Which of the following proteins is NOT involved in mismatch repair? A) MutS B) MutL C) DNA ligase D) RecA
D) RecA
56
What are the two main pathways of mismatch repair?
The MutS/MutL pathway and the post-replicative mismatch repair pathway.
57
True or False: Direct reversal is a more common repair mechanism than mismatch repair.
False
58
Short Answer: Name one factor that can lead to base mismatch during DNA replication.
Tautomeric shifts in nucleotide bases.
59
What is the role of exonuclease in mismatch repair?
To remove the incorrect nucleotide from the newly synthesized DNA strand.
60
What is the primary function of methyl transferases?
To transfer a methyl group from a donor molecule to a substrate.
61
True or False: Methyl transferases are involved in DNA methylation.
True
62
Fill in the blank: Methyl transferases use _____ as a methyl donor.
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
63
What type of biochemical reaction do methyl transferases catalyze?
Methylation reactions
64
Which of the following is NOT a substrate for methyl transferases? A) DNA B) RNA C) Proteins D) Lipids
D) Lipids
65
True or False: Phoreactivation is a process that modifies enzymes to increase their activity.
True
66
What is a common result of phoreactivation in biological systems?
Enhanced substrate affinity or catalytic efficiency.
67
Short Answer: Name one type of molecule that can be methylated by methyl transferases.
DNA or RNA or proteins.
68
What role does S-adenosylhomocysteine play in methyl transferase reactions?
It is a byproduct of the methyl transfer reaction.
69
What is a double strand break (DSB) in DNA?
A double strand break (DSB) is a type of DNA damage where both strands of the DNA helix are severed.
70
True or False: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a repair mechanism that requires a homologous template.
False
71
Fill in the blank: The main function of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is to _______.
repair double strand breaks
72
What are the key proteins involved in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) process?
Key proteins include Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, and ligase IV.
73
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a step in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair process? A) Recognition of DSB, B) Alignment of DNA ends, C) Synthesis of new DNA, D) Ligation of DNA ends.
C) Synthesis of new DNA
74
**N**iall **E**ats **R**ed **B**eans
**N**ucleotide **E**xcision **R**epair **B**ulky
75
**B**eyonce **E**xplores **R**ock **S**ounds
**B**ase **E**xcision **R**epair **B**ulky

BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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