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Translation Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA as a template.

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2
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

A

Ribosomes are the cellular machinery that facilitate the decoding of mRNA and the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

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3
Q

True or False: Aminoacylation is the process of attaching an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA.

A

True

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4
Q

What enzyme catalyzes aminoacylation?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The peptidyl transferase reaction occurs in the _____ site of the ribosome.

A

P

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6
Q

What is the function of the A site in the ribosome during translation?

A

The A site is where aminoacyl-tRNA enters the ribosome and binds to the codon on the mRNA.

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7
Q

What happens during the initiation phase of translation?

A

During initiation, the ribosomal subunits assemble around the mRNA and the first tRNA binds to the start codon.

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8
Q

What is the significance of the start codon?

A

The start codon (AUG) signals the beginning of protein synthesis and codes for methionine.

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9
Q

Describe the elongation phase of translation.

A

During elongation, amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain as the ribosome moves along the mRNA.

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10
Q

What is the role of the E site in the ribosome?

A

The E site is where uncharged tRNA exits the ribosome after delivering its amino acid.

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11
Q

What is the peptidyl transferase activity?

A

Peptidyl transferase activity refers to the enzymatic function of forming peptide bonds between amino acids during translation.

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12
Q

True or False: The ribosomal cycle includes initiation, elongation, and termination.

A

True

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13
Q

What triggers the termination of translation?

A

Translation is terminated when a stop codon is reached, leading to the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide.

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14
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

A stop codon is a nucleotide triplet that signals the end of protein synthesis; examples include UAA, UAG, and UGA.

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15
Q

What occurs during the termination phase of translation?

A

During termination, release factors bind to the ribosome, prompting the release of the polypeptide and disassembly of the ribosomal complex.

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16
Q

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

A

tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the corresponding mRNA codons.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The ribosome consists of two subunits, the _____ and the _____ subunit.

A

large, small

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18
Q

What is the function of the small ribosomal subunit?

A

The small subunit is responsible for decoding the mRNA sequence.

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19
Q

What is the function of the large ribosomal subunit?

A

The large subunit catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

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20
Q

What is the role of mRNA in translation?

A

mRNA serves as the template that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

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21
Q

True or False: The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA.

A

True

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22
Q

What are the three main stages of translation?

A

The three main stages of translation are initiation, elongation, and termination.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

A

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence helps the ribosome recognize the start site of translation in prokaryotes.

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24
Q

What does the term ‘codon’ refer to?

A

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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25
How many amino acids are specified by a single codon?
One amino acid is specified by a single codon.
26
What is the role of release factors in translation termination?
Release factors recognize stop codons and promote the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome.
27
What is the significance of the ribosomal binding site?
The ribosomal binding site is crucial for the correct positioning of mRNA within the ribosome during translation.
28
True or False: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are specific to their corresponding amino acids and tRNAs.
True
29
What happens to the ribosomal complex after termination?
After termination, the ribosomal complex disassembles, releasing the mRNA and tRNA.
30
What is the role of the peptidyl-tRNA during elongation?
Peptidyl-tRNA carries the growing polypeptide chain and is located in the P site of the ribosome.
31
Fill in the blank: The process of translation occurs in the _____ of the cell.
cytoplasm
32
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation initiation?
Prokaryotic initiation involves the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, while eukaryotic initiation requires a 5' cap and poly-A tail.
33
What is the function of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
The poly-A tail enhances mRNA stability and aids in the initiation of translation.
34
What role does GTP play in the translation process?
GTP is used as an energy source for the binding of tRNA and the translocation of the ribosome.
35
What is the significance of the anticodon on tRNA?
The anticodon on tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon, ensuring the correct amino acid is incorporated.
36
How does the ribosome ensure accuracy during translation?
The ribosome ensures accuracy through complementary base pairing between codons and anticodons.
37
What is the role of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the ribosome?
rRNA forms the structural and functional core of the ribosome, facilitating peptide bond formation.
38
True or False: Translation is a highly regulated process.
True
39
What is the end product of translation?
The end product of translation is a polypeptide chain that will fold into a functional protein.
40
What is the role of the initiation factors in translation?
Initiation factors assist in the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and the binding of mRNA.
41
What is translocation in the context of translation?
Translocation is the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA after the addition of each amino acid.
42
Fill in the blank: The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the _____ direction.
5' to 3'
43
What is the importance of the ribosomal exit tunnel?
The ribosomal exit tunnel allows the nascent polypeptide chain to emerge from the ribosome during synthesis.
44
How many nucleotides are in a codon?
Three nucleotides are in a codon.
45
What is a polypeptide?
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which forms a protein.
46
What is the role of elongation factors in translation?
Elongation factors facilitate the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and the translocation of the ribosome.
47
What happens to the tRNA after it releases its amino acid?
The tRNA is released from the ribosome and can be recharged with a new amino acid.
48
What is the role of the peptidyl-tRNA during the peptidyl transferase reaction?
Peptidyl-tRNA donates its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during the peptidyl transferase reaction.
49
True or False: Translation occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
False
50
What is the significance of the ribosomal subunit composition?
The composition of ribosomal subunits determines their function and interaction with mRNA and tRNA.
51
What is the primary function of translation in cells?
To synthesize proteins from mRNA.
52
True or False: Translation occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
False
53
Fill in the blank: In prokaryotes, translation begins while __________ is still being transcribed.
mRNA
54
What are the ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells?
40S and 60S
55
Which ribosomal subunit is responsible for binding to the mRNA in prokaryotes?
30S subunit
56
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
To bring amino acids to the ribosome.
57
True or False: Eukaryotic translation requires a 5' cap on mRNA.
True
58
What is the start codon for translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
AUG
59
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a step in translation? A) Initiation B) Elongation C) Replication D) Termination
C) Replication
60
What is the function of the A site in the ribosome during translation?
To hold the next tRNA carrying an amino acid.
61
Fill in the blank: The enzyme __________ catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
peptidyl transferase
62
True or False: In eukaryotes, translation can occur simultaneously with transcription.
False
63
What is the role of the P site in the ribosome?
To hold the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
64
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.
65
Multiple choice: What is the function of release factors in translation? A) Initiate transcription B) Terminate translation C) Elongate the polypeptide chain D) Synthesize mRNA
B) Terminate translation
66
Fill in the blank: In eukaryotes, the __________ is involved in the processing of mRNA before translation.
nucleus
67
What is the significance of the Kozak sequence in eukaryotic translation?
It helps in the recognition of the start codon.
68
True or False: Prokaryotic mRNAs are usually polycistronic.
True
69
Which component of the ribosome is primarily responsible for the catalytic activity during translation?
rRNA
70
What is the role of the E site in the ribosome?
To release the empty tRNA after the amino acid has been added.
71
Fill in the blank: The __________ acts as the template for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
mRNA
72
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a post-translational modification? A) Glycosylation B) Transcription C) Replication D) Translation
A) Glycosylation
73
What is the main difference in the initiation process of translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes use a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, while eukaryotes use a 5' cap.
74
True or False: Eukaryotic ribosomes can translate multiple mRNAs simultaneously.
False
75
What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
To attach the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA.

BIOLOGY (17 decks)

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