Respiratory System Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
2
Q
True or False: The diaphragm is a muscle that plays a key role in breathing.
A
True
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The process of inhalation is primarily driven by the contraction of the ______.
A
diaphragm
4
Q
What are the two main parts of the respiratory system?
A
The upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.
5
Q
Which structure is commonly known as the windpipe?
A
Trachea
6
Q
What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?
A
To facilitate gas exchange through their thin walls.
7
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system? A) Lungs B) Heart C) Bronchi D) Trachea
A
B) Heart
8
Q
True or False: Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to hemoglobin.
A
True
9
Q
What is the name of the flap that prevents food from entering the trachea?
A
Epiglottis
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ are the primary organs of respiration.
A
lungs
11
Q
What is the medical term for difficulty breathing?
A
Dyspnea
12
Q
Multiple Choice: Which gas is primarily expelled during exhalation? A) Oxygen B) Nitrogen C) Carbon Dioxide D) Helium
A
C) Carbon Dioxide
13
Q
What is the term for the tiny hair-like structures that help filter the air in the respiratory tract?
A
Cilia
14
Q
True or False: The respiratory system is responsible for regulating blood pH.
A
True
15
Q
What is the primary muscle involved in exhalation at rest?
A
Relaxation of the diaphragm
16
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the part of the respiratory system that connects the throat with the trachea.
A
larynx
17
Q
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
A
To reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent collapse.
18
Q
Multiple Choice: Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the airways? A) Asthma B) Pneumonia C) Emphysema D) Tuberculosis
A
A) Asthma
19
Q
What is the term for the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath?
A
Tidal volume
20
Q
True or False: The left lung is larger than the right lung.
A
False
21
Q
What structure divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
A
Diaphragm
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs through a process called ______.
A
diffusion
23
Q
What is the primary purpose of the nasal cavity?
A
To filter, warm, and humidify the air.
24
Q
Multiple Choice: Which respiratory disease is caused by smoking? A) Asthma B) COPD C) Cystic Fibrosis D) Tuberculosis
A
B) COPD
25
What is the term for the pressure difference that drives air into and out of the lungs?
Pressure gradient
26
True or False: The pleurae are membranes that cover the lungs.
True
27
What is the name of the condition characterized by the collapse of a lung?
Pneumothorax
28
What is thermoregulation?
Thermoregulation is the process by which the body maintains its core internal temperature.
29
True or False: The respiratory system plays a role in thermoregulation, pH control, and removing metabolic waste.
false
## Footnote
thermoregulation, pH control, and gas exchange
30
Fill in the blank: The primary gas exchanged in the lungs is _____.
oxygen
31
Multiple Choice: Which of the following gases is primarily expelled from the body during exhalation? A) Oxygen B) Carbon Dioxide C) Nitrogen D) Helium
B) Carbon Dioxide
32
What role does hemoglobin play in gas exchange?
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues.
33
True or False: The pH of blood is unaffected by the levels of carbon dioxide.
False
## Footnote
* low pH = high respiratory rate, so more CO2 is expelled
* high pH = low respiratory rate, so more CO2 is retained
34
Fill in the blank: The process of breathing in is known as _____ and the process of breathing out is known as _____.
inhalation; exhalation
35
What physiological mechanism helps regulate body temperature during respiration?
Evaporative cooling through the moisture in exhaled air helps regulate body temperature.
36
Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating respiration? A) Cerebellum B) Medulla C) Thalamus D) Hippocampus
B) Medulla
37
What is the significance of the bicarbonate buffer system in the respiratory system?
The bicarbonate buffer system helps maintain blood pH by neutralizing excess acids.
38
True or False: The respiratory system can respond to changes in blood pH by altering the rate of breathing.
True
39
What is the primary method by which oxygen is transported in the blood?
Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin.
40
Fill in the blank: The exchange of gases occurs in the _____ of the lungs.
alveoli
41
True or False: Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions.
True.
42
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood? A) Dissolved in plasma B) Bound to hemoglobin C) Converted to glucose D) As bicarbonate ions
C) Converted to glucose.
43
What is the role of myoglobin in muscle tissues?
To store and release oxygen as needed.
44
True or False: Oxygen transport is solely dependent on the concentration gradient.
False.
45
Short Answer: What is the Bohr effect?
The phenomenon where increased carbon dioxide and decreased pH reduce hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
46
Multiple Choice: Which gas has a higher solubility in plasma? A) Oxygen B) Carbon Dioxide
B) Carbon Dioxide.
47
What is the main driver for oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues?
The partial pressure gradient of oxygen.
48
True or False: Oxygen is transported in the blood only in its dissolved form.
False.
49
Short Answer: What happens to carbon dioxide in the lungs?
It is expelled from the blood and exhaled.
50
Multiple Choice: What is the primary factor that influences the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? A) Temperature B) pH C) Carbon dioxide levels D) All of the above
D) All of the above.
51
What is the significance of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in oxygen transport?
It determines the amount of oxygen that binds to hemoglobin.
52
True or False: High levels of carbon dioxide lead to a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
True.
53
Short Answer: What is the role of the respiratory system in gas exchange?
To facilitate the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide.
54
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions would lead to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues? A) Increased pH B) Decreased temperature C) Increased carbon dioxide D) Increased altitude
hA) Increased pH.
55
What does Henry's law state in relation to gas solubility?
Henry's law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.
56
True or False: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells.
True
57
Fill in the blank: The normal adult hemoglobin type is called _____.
Hemoglobin A (HbA)
58
Which type of hemoglobin is associated with fetal development?
Hemoglobin F (HbF)
59
Multiple Choice: Which hemoglobin type has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin? A) HbA B) HbF C) HbS D) HbC
B) HbF
60
What is the significance of Hemoglobin S (HbS)?
It is associated with sickle cell disease.
61
What is bound oxygen?
accounts for 98% of O2 in blood
62
True or False: Unbound oxygen exists freely in the atmosphere as O2.
True
63
What is the primary role of unbound oxygen in biological systems?
To support respiration and energy production in aerobic organisms.
64
Which of the following is an example of bound oxygen? A) O2 B) H2O C) CO2
B) H2O
65
What happens to bound oxygen when compounds are broken down in metabolic processes?
It is released as unbound oxygen or utilized in other chemical reactions.
66
True or False: Unbound oxygen is a product of photosynthesis.
True
67
How does bound oxygen differ from unbound oxygen in terms of reactivity?
Bound oxygen is generally less reactive than unbound oxygen.
68
Multiple Choice: Which process primarily produces unbound oxygen? A) Cellular respiration B) Photosynthesis C) Fermentation
B) Photosynthesis
69
What is the significance of unbound oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere?
It is essential for the survival of aerobic organisms and plays a critical role in various biochemical cycles.
70
What is the primary function of the breathing cycle?
To facilitate gas exchange, primarily oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.
71
Fill in the blank: During inhalation, the diaphragm _____ to allow air to enter the lungs.
contracts
72
What happens to the rib cage during exhalation?
It moves downward and inward.
73
True or False: The breathing cycle is controlled by voluntary muscles only.
False
74
What is the role of the intercostal muscles in the breathing cycle?
To assist with the expansion and contraction of the rib cage.
75
What is the term for the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
Vital capacity
76
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes expiration?
The process of expelling air from the lungs.
77
Short Answer: What triggers the breathing process?
The levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
78
True or False: Breathing can be consciously controlled.
True
79
What is the significance of the respiratory rate?
It indicates how many breaths a person takes per minute, reflecting respiratory health.
80
What is the primary phase of breathing that occurs at rest?
The REST phase.
81
True or False: The inspiratory phase involves the contraction of the diaphragm.
True.
82
Which phase of breathing is typically passive during rest?
The expiratory phase.
83
Multiple Choice: Which of the following occurs during the inspiratory phase? A) Air enters the lungs B) Air leaves the lungs C) Diaphragm relaxes
A) Air enters the lungs.
84
What is the role of the intercostal muscles during the inspiratory phase?
They assist in expanding the thoracic cavity.
85
True or False: The expiratory phase can be active during vigorous exercise.
True.
86
What happens to lung volume during the inspiratory phase?
Lung volume increases.
87
Fill in the blank: The REST phase is characterized by ______ breathing.
quiet
88
During which phase does the pressure in the thoracic cavity decrease?
The inspiratory phase.
89
Multiple Choice: What happens to the diaphragm during the expiratory phase? A) It contracts B) It relaxes C) It remains unchanged
B) It relaxes.
90
What is the main purpose of the expiratory phase?
To remove carbon dioxide from the lungs.
91
True or False: The REST phase includes both inspiratory and expiratory activities.
True.
92
Fill in the blank: The ______ phase is essential for gas exchange in the alveoli.
inspiratory
93
Fill in the blank: The total lung capacity is the sum of ________ and ________.
vital capacity and residual volume
94
What is the typical value of tidal volume in an adult at rest?
Approximately 500 mL.
95
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
96
Which lung volume cannot be measured directly with a spirometer?
Residual volume.
97
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal inhalation.
98
True or False: Functional residual capacity includes both expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
True
99
What is the formula for calculating vital capacity?
Vital Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume.
100
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of lung capacity? A) Total Lung Capacity B) Tidal Volume C) Functional Residual Capacity D) Inspiratory Capacity
B) Tidal Volume
101
What is inspiratory capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration.
102
Fill in the blank: The average total lung capacity for adults is approximately ________.
6 liters
103
What does the term 'lung compliance' refer to?
The ability of the lungs to expand and contract with changes in pressure.
104
True or False: The expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.
True
105
What is the significance of measuring lung volumes and capacities?
It helps in assessing respiratory health and diagnosing lung diseases.
106
**I**saac
**C**raves
**E**spresso
**I**cecrem
**I**nhalation
**C**ontraction
**E**xpansion
**I**nside
107
**E**40
**R**aps
**R**eally
**O**ld school
**E**xhalation
**R**elaxtion
**R**eduction
**O**utside
