Sensory Systems Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What is the outermost layer of the eye called?
A
Sclera
2
Q
True or False: The cornea is responsible for most of the eye’s light refraction.
A
True
3
Q
The __________ is the colored part of the eye and regulates the size of the pupil.
A
Iris
4
Q
What is the function of the pupil?
A
To regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
5
Q
Which part of the eye contains the photoreceptors?
A
Retina
6
Q
What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?
A
Rods and cones
7
Q
True or False: The macula is responsible for peripheral vision.
A
false
retina
8
Q
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
A
To focus light onto the retina.
9
Q
Multiple Choice: Which structure controls the shape of the lens? A) Iris B) Ciliary body C) Retina
A
B) Ciliary body
10
Q
The __________ is a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina.
A
Vitreous humor
11
Q
What is the role of the aqueous humor?
A
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye.
12
Q
True or False: The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
A
True
13
Q
What part of the eye is responsible for sharp central vision?
A
Fovea
14
Q
Multiple Choice: Which structure is primarily responsible for adjusting the focus of light? A) Cornea B) Lens C) Retina
A
B) Lens
15
Q
The __________ is the exit point for the optic nerve.
A
Optic disc
16
Q
What substance provides the eye with its shape and structure?
A
Vitreous humor
17
Q
True or False: The conjunctiva is a protective membrane covering the sclera.
A
True
18
Q
What is the main function of the tear film?
A
To lubricate the eye and provide protection.
19
Q
Multiple Choice: The cornea is avascular. What does this mean? A) It has no blood vessels B) It is very thick C) It is transparent
A
A) It has no blood vessels
20
Q
Which condition is characterized by clouding of the lens?
A
Cataract
21
Q
True or False: Glaucoma is caused by increased pressure within the eye.
A
True
22
Q
What is the primary role of the choroid?
A
To supply blood to the outer layers of the retina.
23
Q
Multiple Choice: Which part of the eye can change shape to focus on near objects? A) Cornea B) Lens C) Retina
A
B) Lens
24
Q
What is the primary function of the retina?
A
converts light into neural signals.
25
True or False: The retina is responsible for the perception of color.
True
26
What type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for vision in low light conditions?
Rods
27
What is the role of cones in the retina?
responsible for color vision and visual sharpness
28
Which area of the retina has the highest concentration of cones?
Fovea
29
True or False: Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.
True
30
What is phototransduction?
the process where light is converted into electrical signals in the retina.
31
What pigment is found in rods that is sensitive to light?
Rhodopsin
32
The process of phototransduction begins when photons are absorbed by _____ in photoreceptor cells.
photopigments
33
What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptor cells in response to light?
The membrane potential hyperpolarizes.
34
Which neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptor cells in the dark?
Glutamate
35
True or False: Light exposure leads to the release of more glutamate from photoreceptor cells.
False
36
What is the role of bipolar cells in the retina?
transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
37
The axons of _____ cells form the optic nerve.
ganglion
38
What is the significance of the blind spot in the retina?
it is the exit point for the optic nerve.
39
Multiple choice: Which type of cone is sensitive to short wavelengths of light? A) S-cones B) M-cones C) L-cones
A) S-cones
40
What is the function of horizontal cells in the retina?
integrate signals from multiple photoreceptors and provide lateral inhibition.
41
True or False: The retina is a part of the central nervous system.
True
42
What is the main pathway for visual information from the retina to the brain?
The optic nerve.
43
The _____ is the layer of the retina where photoreceptors are located.
outer nuclear layer
44
What is the role of amacrine cells in the retina?
Amacrine cells modulate the signaling between bipolar cells and ganglion cells.
45
Multiple choice: Which retinal cell type is primarily involved in motion detection? A) Rods B) Cones C) Bipolar cells
A) Rods
46
The _____ is the area of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.
fovea
47
What is the main difference between rods and cones?
Rods are more sensitive to light and allow for night vision, while cones enable color vision and detail.
48
True or False: The retina can regenerate photoreceptor cells after damage.
False
49
name the parts of the eye
a. conjuctiva
b. iris
c. lens
d. pupil
e. cornea
f. conjunctiva
g. sclera
h. optic disc
i. optic nerve
j. macula
k. retina
l. choroid
m. ciliary body
n. vitreous body
o. anterior chamber
50
name the parts of the ear
a. auricle
b. ear canal
c. tympanic membrane
d. tympanic cavity
e. round window
f. eustachian tube
g. cochlea
h. cochlear nerve
i. vestibular nerve
j. semi circular canals
k. stapes
l. incus
m. malleus
51
What is the total area you can see called?
Visual field
52
The visual field is divided into which two halves?
Left and right half
53
Where does light from the visual field map onto?
Opposite sides of each retina
54
What transmits information about the visual field to the brain?
Optic nerve
55
Which fibers stay on the same side of the brain as the eye they originated from?
Temporal retina fibers
56
What happens to nasal retina fibers at the optic chiasm?
They cross to the opposite side
57
Where do all fibers from the right visual field go?
Left side of the brain
58
Where does each optic tract synapse?
Same-side lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
59
What transports visual information from each LGN to the primary visual cortex?
Optic radiations
60
What are the two main overarching visual pathways?
Parvo and Magno pathway
61
What does the parvo pathway recognize?
Color and form
62
What type of objects does the parvo pathway function best on?
Stationary objects
63
What does the magno pathway recognize?
Information about the movement of objects
64
What processing method allows both visual pathways to be active simultaneously?
Parallel processing
65
What does the primary visual cortex do with information from both pathways?
Interprets them together as a single image
66
What are the three main parts of the ear?
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear.
67
True or False: The outer ear includes the pinna and the ear canal.
True.
68
The ________ is the visible part of the ear that collects sound waves.
pinna.
69
What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
To vibrate in response to sound waves.
70
Which bone is known as the stirrup in the middle ear?
Stapes.
71
Which structure is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals?
Cochlea.
72
What is the role of the Eustachian tube?
To equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.
73
True or False: The semicircular canals are involved in hearing.
False.
74
What fluid is found in the cochlea?
Perilymph and endolymph.
75
The ________ is responsible for balance and spatial orientation.
vestibular system.
76
What part of the ear is involved in the transmission of sound from the outer ear to the inner ear?
Middle ear.
77
Which structure contains hair cells that detect sound vibrations?
Organ of Corti.
78
What are the two main functions of the ear?
Hearing and balance.
79
True or False: The auditory nerve carries sound information to the brain.
True.
80
What is the function of the ossicles?
To amplify sound waves.
81
The ________ connects the middle ear to the throat.
Eustachian tube.
82
What is the primary function of the outer ear?
To collect and direct sound waves into the ear canal.
83
Multiple choice: Which part of the ear is shaped like a snail shell?
Cochlea.
84
What is the role of the auditory canal?
To transmit sound waves to the tympanic membrane.
85
True or False: The ear is only responsible for hearing.
False.
86
What structures are included in the vestibular system?
Semicircular canals and otolith organs.
87
The ________ is the thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
tympanic membrane.
88
What is the role of the round window?
To allow for fluid movement within the cochlea.
89
Which part of the ear contains the auditory ossicles?
Middle ear.
90
True or False: The ear has no role in maintaining balance.
False.
91
What is the primary role of the inner ear?
To convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses.
92
The ________ is responsible for detecting changes in head position.
vestibular system.
93
Where does the process of auditory transduction take place?
Within the cochlea of the inner ear
## Footnote
The cochlea is essential for converting sound waves into neural signals.
94
What are the three fluid-filled channels of the cochlea?
* scala vestibuli
* scala tympani
* scala media
## Footnote
These channels play crucial roles in the auditory transduction process.
95
What happens when the stapes presses on the oval window?
Mechanical vibrations are transformed into fluid waves in the inner ear
## Footnote
This is a key step in the conversion of sound into neural signals.
96
What do the fluid waves in the cochlea pass through?
* scala vestibuli
* scala tympani
* they bounce off the round window
## Footnote
The movement of these fluids is essential for activating the Organ of Corti.
97
What activates the Organ of Corti?
Pressure changes in the cochlear duct
## Footnote
The Organ of Corti is responsible for detecting sound vibrations.
98
What happens to stereocilia within the Organ of Corti?
They press into the tectorial membrane, causing hair cells to bend and depolarize
## Footnote
This bending leads to the generation of action potentials.
99
What generates an action potential in the auditory system?
The bending and depolarization of hair cells
## Footnote
Action potentials are crucial for transmitting auditory information to the brain.
100
Which cranial nerve carries the action potential to the temporal lobe?
Vestibulocochlear nerve, or cranial nerve VIII
## Footnote
This nerve is responsible for hearing and balance.
101
What is basilar tuning?
The arrangement of hair cells in a gradient along the length of the cochlea based on frequency
## Footnote
This tuning allows for the perception of different sound frequencies.
102
What is tonotopic mapping?
The mapping of specific auditory inputs onto specific areas of the temporal lobe
## Footnote
This process helps the brain interpret different frequencies of sound.
103
What is the primary function of the olfactory system?
To detect and identify odors.
104
True or False: Olfaction is the sense of smell.
True.
105
The olfactory receptors are located in the __________.
nasal cavity.
106
What is the primary function of the gustatory system?
To detect and identify tastes.
107
What are the five basic tastes recognized by humans?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
108
True or False: Taste and smell are completely independent of each other.
False.
109
What are taste buds primarily responsible for?
Detecting taste stimuli.
110
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste?
cranial nerve VII (facial)
111
The sense of smell is primarily processed in the __________.
olfactory bulb.
112
What type of receptor cells are responsible for olfaction?
Olfactory receptor neurons.
113
Which part of the brain is closely associated with the processing of smells?
Amygdala.
114
True or False: The gustatory system can detect temperature and texture.
True.
115
The __________ is the structure that contains taste buds.
papillae.
116
What is the role of the vomeronasal organ?
To detect pheromones.
117
Which taste is primarily associated with amino acids?
Umami.
118
True or False: Humans have more olfactory receptors than taste receptors.
True.
119
What is the process of detecting odor molecules called?
Olfaction.
120
The __________ pathway is involved in taste sensation.
gustatory.
121
What is anosmia?
The loss of the sense of smell.
122
Which of the following is a common cause of taste impairment?
Medications.
123
True or False: The olfactory system can regenerate throughout life.
True.
124
What is the role of the olfactory epithelium?
To house olfactory receptor neurons.
125
The __________ is responsible for the perception of flavor.
combination of taste and smell.
126
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in taste signaling?
Serotonin.
127
Which taste is often described as sour?
Acidic.
128
True or False: Olfactory signals bypass the thalamus before reaching the cortex.
True.
129
What is the significance of the olfactory bulb?
It processes and relays olfactory information to the brain.
130
What is somatosensation?
refers to the sensory modalities that are responsible for the perception of touch, temperature, pain, and body position.
131
True or False: Somatosensation only involves the sense of touch.
False
132
The two main types of somatosensory receptors are __________ and __________.
mechanoreceptors; thermoreceptors
133
What type of receptor responds to painful stimuli?
Nociceptors
134
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing somatosensory information?
Somatosensory cortex
135
What is proprioception?
the sense of the relative position of one's own body parts and the strength of effort being employed in movement.
136
True or False: Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature.
True
137
The __________ pathway carries tactile and proprioceptive information to the brain.
dorsal column-medial lemniscal
138
What are the two primary pathways for somatosensory processing?
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and spinothalamic pathway
139
Which type of receptor is most sensitive to light touch? A) Merkel cells B) Ruffini endings C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Free nerve endings
A) Merkel cells
140
What is the role of the thalamus in somatosensation?
The thalamus acts as a relay station, processing and transmitting somatosensory information to the somatosensory cortex.
141
True or False: Pain perception is solely determined by the intensity of the stimulus.
False
142
The __________ theory explains how non-painful stimuli can inhibit the perception of pain.
gate control
143
What is the function of Meissner's corpuscles?
Meissner's corpuscles are responsible for detecting light touch and changes in texture.
144
Which type of stimulus is detected by nociceptors? A) Temperature B) Pressure C) Pain D) All of the above
D) All of the above
145
What is the primary function of Ruffini endings?
Ruffini endings detect skin stretch and sustained pressure.
146
True or False: The body has a uniform distribution of somatosensory receptors.
False
147
The __________ sense is responsible for detecting the position and movement of the body.
kinesthetic
148
What phenomenon occurs when a limb is perceived to be present after amputation?
Phantom limb sensation
149
Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-adapting receptors? A) They respond only to changes in stimulus B) They provide continuous information about stimulus C) They are found only in the skin D) They are only nociceptors
B) They provide continuous information about stimulus
150
What is the primary role of free nerve endings?
Free nerve endings detect pain, temperature, and some touch sensations.
151
True or False: The somatosensory cortex is organized in a way that reflects the body’s surface area.
True
152
The __________ aspect of pain is related to the emotional response to pain.
affective
