Nervous System Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
composed of the brain and the spinal cord
2
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
includes the rest of the nervous tissues in the body outside of the brain and spinal cord
3
Q
what are the 2 divisions of PNS?
A
sensory and motor divisions
4
Q
sensory (afferent) divison
A
carries signals from somewhere in the body to the CNS
5
Q
motor (efferent) division
A
relays signals from the CNS to the rest of the body
6
Q
what are the 2 subdivisions of motor division?
A
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
7
Q
somatic nervous system (SONS)
A
controls voluntary motor movements and targets skeletal muscles
8
Q
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
A
controls automatic processes throughout the body and targets smooth muscles/visceral organs
9
Q
what are the 2 subdivisions of ANS?
A
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
10
Q
parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
A
activates rest-digest responses
11
Q
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
A
activates fight-flight responses
12
Q
which nervous system innervates all glands, except for sweat glands?
A
parasympathetic nervous system
13
Q
cranial nerve X
A
innervates majority of the thoracic/abdominal organs
14
Q
which nervous system causes decreased digestion, pupil dilation, increased air flow and blood flow to skeletal muscles?
A
sympathetic nervous system
15
Q
what is the preganglionic neurons role in the PSNS?
A
extends from the CNS to the ganglia
16
Q
what is the postganglionic neurons role in the PSNS?
A
takes the signals that came from the ganglia to their target organs
17
Q
is the preganglionic neurons long or short in the PSNS?
A
long
18
Q
is the post ganglionic neurons long or short in the PSNS?
A
short
19
Q
is the preganglionic neurons long or short in the SNS?
A
short
20
Q
is the postganglionic neuron long or short in the SNS?
A
long
21
Q
which neuron releases norepinephrine and activates sweat glands in SNS?
A
postganglionic neurons
22
Q
which neuron synapses w/ chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla in SNS?
A
preganglionic neurons
23
Q
what occurs after preganglionic neurons synapse w/ chromaffin cells?
A
the chromaffin cells respond by secreting norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood stream
24
Q
what neurotransmitter do pre/postganglionic neurons release?
A
acetylcholine
25
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
26
what are the main lobes of the brain?
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
27
frontal lobe
responsible for higher reasoning/problem solving and voluntary motor control
28
prefrontal cortex
controls the highest order of thinking/decision making and gives people a unique personality
29
parietal lobe
responsible for touch and body awareness
30
central sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobe
31
gyri
ridges between the central sulcus
32
precentral gyrus
located in front of the central sulcus, in the back of the frontal lobe
33
postcentral gyrus
located behind the central sulcus, in the front of the parietal lobe
34
which gyri contains the primary motor cortex?
precentral gyrus
35
which gyri contains the primary somatosensory cortex?
postcentral gyrus
36
primary motor cortex
responsible for generating the signals that allowing us to move our bodies
37
primary somatosensory cortex
responsible for processing somatic sensations (touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception)
38
which sulcus curves horizontally under the frontal/parietal lobes and separate them from the temporal lobe?
lateral sulcus
39
temporal lobe
responsible for memory, learning, and processing sound
40
which area of language is responsible for language comprehension and is located on the L side of the brain?
Wernicke's area
41
which area of language is responsible for speech production and is located on the L side of the brain?
Broca's area
42
arcuate fasciculus
axons that connect the Wernicke's and Broca's area
43
Wernicke's aphasia
impaired language comprehension
44
Broca's aphasia
speech production errors
45
conduction aphasia
speech repetition errors
46
what causes conduction aphasia?
damage to the arcuate fasciculus
47
occipital lobe
visual processing
48
brain stem
relays messages between the brain and the body
49
limbic system
collection of subcortical brain structures associated w/ memory, emotion, and learning
50
what are the parts of the limbic system?
hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and thalamus
51
which part of the limbic system is responsible for memory consolidation and processes short term memory into long term memory?
hippocampus
52
which part of the limbic system regulates fight-flight and rest-digest responses?
Hypothalamus
53
which part of the limbic system regulates primal emotions?
amygdala
54
which part of the limbic system is responsible for relaying sensory/motor info to the cerebral cortex and is involved in regulating consciousness?
thalamus
55
cingulate gyrus
responsible for emotional/behavioral regulation
56
What is the primary cell type responsible for transmitting signals in the nervous system?
Neuron
57
True or False: Glial cells are primarily involved in signal transmission.
False
neurons
58
the ___ is the part of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons.
dendrite
59
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission.
60
Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocyte
61
What type of glial cell provides support and nutrition to neurons?
Astrocyte
62
True or False: Neurons can divide and regenerate throughout life.
False
63
What is the role of microglia in the nervous system?
To act as immune cells and remove debris.
64
Fill in the blank: The ___ is the part of the neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body.
axon
65
What is the gap between two neurons called?
Synapse
66
which glial cell type is involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
astrocyte
67
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
To form the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.
68
True or False: All neurons have myelin sheaths.
False
69
What part of the neuron contains the nucleus?
Cell body (soma)
70
the ___ are the signaling molecules released at the synapse.
neurotransmitters
71
What type of neuron carries information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Sensory neuron
72
What is the term for the electrical signal that travels down the axon?
Action potential
73
True or False: Ependymal cells are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
True
74
What is the role of the node of Ranvier?
To facilitate rapid signal conduction along myelinated axons.
75
the ___ is the region of the neuron where action potentials are generated.
axon hillock
76
What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons?
Interneuron
77
Multiple choice: Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for the repair of nervous tissue? A) Astrocyte B) Oligodendrocyte C) Microglia D) Schwann cell
C) Microglia
78
resting membrane potential
the difference between the inside/outside of a cell when it's at rest
79
What primarily determines the resting membrane potential?
the distribution of ions (sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and organic anions across the cell membrane.
80
Fill in the blank: The resting membrane potential is typically __________ in neurons.
-70 mV
81
What role does the sodium-potassium pump play in resting membrane potential?
exchanges ions and maintaining conc gradients by transporting 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell
82
Which ion has the greatest permeability at rest?
Potassium (K+)
83
Multiple Choice: What is the primary ion that contributes to the negative charge inside a neuron at rest? A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Calcium D) Chloride
B) Potassium
84
What happens to the resting membrane potential if potassium permeability increases?
the resting membrane potential becomes more negative (hyperpolarization)
85
True or False: Resting membrane potential is the same in all types of cells.
False
86
What is the typical resting membrane potential for skeletal muscle cells?
-85 mV
87
The Goldman equation is used to calculate the __________.
resting membrane potential
88
Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?
Sodium (Na+)
89
Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors does NOT affect resting membrane potential? A) Ion concentration gradients B) Membrane permeability C) Temperature D) Cell size
D) Cell size
90
What is the Nernst equation used for?
to calculate the equilibrium potential for a specific ion based on its concentration gradient.
91
True or False: The resting membrane potential can change in response to external stimuli.
True
92
What is hyperpolarization?
an increase in the membrane potential, making the inside of the cell more negative than the resting potential.
93
Fill in the blank: The resting membrane potential can be affected by changes in __________ concentrations.
ion
94
What is the significance of the resting membrane potential in neurons?
The resting membrane potential is crucial for the generation and propagation of action potentials, which are essential for neuronal communication.
95
Multiple Choice: Which ion's concentration is higher outside the cell compared to inside? A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Chloride D) Calcium
A) Sodium
96
What is depolarization?
a decrease in the membrane potential, making the inside of the cell less negative than the resting potential.
97
True or False: Resting membrane potential is influenced by passive transport mechanisms only.
False
98
What is the typical resting membrane potential for cardiac muscle cells?
-90 mV
99
The __________ is a selective barrier that maintains the resting membrane potential.
cell membrane
100
What happens to the resting membrane potential during an action potential?
the resting membrane potential is temporarily altered, so it becomes positive due to sodium influx.
101
Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the resting membrane potential? A) Energy production B) Signal transmission C) Maintaining ion balance D) All of the above
D) All of the above
102
What effect does increased extracellular potassium concentration have on resting membrane potential?
the depolarization of the resting membrane potential.
103
True or False: The resting membrane potential is a dynamic state and can change over time.
True
104
action potential
A rapid, temporary change in the membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell.
105
True or False: Action potentials are all-or-nothing events.
True
106
The threshold potential that must be reached to initiate an action potential is typically around ____ mV.
-55 mV
107
What is the role of potassium ions (K+) during an action potential?
They help repolarize the cell membrane after depolarization.
108
what phase of the action potential involves the influx of sodium ions?
Depolarization
109
What is the refractory period?
The time period during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential.
110
True or False: Action potentials can vary in size.
False
111
What is the typical amplitude of an action potential?
About +30 mV to +40 mV
112
The process of returning the membrane potential to its resting state after an action potential is called ____.
Repolarization
113
What is the role of voltage-gated ion channels in action potentials?
They open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing ions to flow in and out.
114
True or False: Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons.
True
115
What is saltatory conduction?
The process by which action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated axons.
116
Multiple Choice: Which ion's efflux primarily contributes to repolarization?
Potassium (K+)
117
What is the difference between absolute and relative refractory periods?
During the absolute refractory period, no action potential can occur; during the relative refractory period, a stronger stimulus can initiate an action potential.
118
True or False: Action potentials can be graded in strength.
False
119
What initiates an action potential?
A stimulus that causes the membrane potential to reach threshold.
120
Action potentials travel along the ____ of neurons.
Axon
121
What is the main purpose of an action potential?
To transmit information along neurons.
122
What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in neurotransmitter release?
They trigger the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.
123
True or False: Action potentials can occur in all types of cells.
False
124
What is the significance of the nodes of Ranvier?
They facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons.
125
The primary neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction is ____.
Acetylcholine
126
What is the primary function of action potentials in the nervous system?
To communicate signals between neurons and from neurons to muscles.
127
neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses in the nervous system.
128
True or False: Neurotransmitters can only have excitatory effects.
False
129
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is _______.
GABA
130
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation?
Serotonin
131
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the reward pathway and is linked to pleasure?
Dopamine
132
What role does acetylcholine play in the nervous system?
It is involved in muscle activation and memory.
133
True or False: Neurotransmitters are only found in the brain.
False
134
What is the function of norepinephrine in the body?
It plays a role in arousal and alertness.
135
_______ is the neurotransmitter primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
Norepinephrine
136
What effect does glutamate have in the nervous system?
It is the main excitatory neurotransmitter.
137
Which neurotransmitter is associated w/ anxiety disorders and alcohol intoxication?
GABA
138
True or False: Endorphins are neurotransmitters that help relieve pain.
True
139
What neurotransmitter is associated with attention and learning?
Acetylcholine
140
The neurotransmitter _______ is often called the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter.
Dopamine
141
Multiple Choice: Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the stress response? A) Serotonin B) Norepinephrine C) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
142
What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?
It regulates movement and emotional responses.
143
True or False: All neurotransmitters are peptides.
False
144
What is the role of serotonin in the body?
It regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.
145
_______ is the neurotransmitter that enhances the perception of pain.
Substance P
146
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in learning and memory?
Acetylcholine
147
True or False: Neurotransmitters can only be released by neurons.
False
148
What are neuropeptides?
A type of neurotransmitter that consists of small protein-like molecules.
149
What is the effect of GABA on the nervous system?
It inhibits neural activity.
150
Multiple Choice: Which neurotransmitter is linked to the body's fight-or-flight response? A) Serotonin B) Norepinephrine C) Dopamine
B) Norepinephrine
151
The neurotransmitter _______ is crucial for regulating sleep-wake cycles.
Serotonin
152
which neurotransmitter suppresses pain and produces euphoria?
endorphins
153
which neurotransmitter is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord and brainstem?
glycine
154
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
To protect the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass.
155
True or False: The blood-brain barrier is permeable to all substances.
False
156
What type of cells primarily make up the blood-brain barrier?
Endothelial cells.
157
The blood-brain barrier is formed by __________ junctions between endothelial cells.
tight
158
Which transport mechanism allows glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier?
Facilitated diffusion.
159
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) primarily composed of?
Water, electrolytes, and small amounts of proteins.
160
True or False: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles of the brain.
True
161
What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid?
To cushion the brain, provide buoyancy, and remove waste.
162
What is the average volume of cerebrospinal fluid in an adult human?
Approximately 150 milliliters.
163
Multiple Choice: Which of the following substances can cross the blood-brain barrier? A) Glucose B) Insulin C) Large proteins
A) Glucose
164
What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus.
165
The blood-brain barrier is less effective in the __________ area.
circumventricular
166
True or False: The blood-brain barrier can be disrupted in certain diseases.
True
167
Short Answer: Name one disease that can affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
Multiple sclerosis.
168
What is the primary purpose of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier?
To regulate the exchange of substances between blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
169
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A) Nutrient transport B) Waste removal C) Hormone secretion
C) Hormone secretion
170
What is the term for the condition when there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid?
Hydrocephalus.
171
The blood-brain barrier is formed during __________ development.
embryonic
172
What are astrocytes, and what role do they play in the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes are glial cells that support the blood-brain barrier by maintaining the integrity of endothelial cells.
173
True or False: Cerebrospinal fluid is produced continuously throughout life.
True
174
How often is cerebrospinal fluid replaced in the human body?
Every 3 to 4 hours.
175
What is the primary location of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
In the subarachnoid space.
176
Multiple Choice: Which of the following can damage the blood-brain barrier? A) Infections B) High blood pressure C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
177
The composition of cerebrospinal fluid is similar to that of __________ plasma.
blood
178
What is the primary route for the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid?
Arachnoid villi.
179
True or False: The blood-brain barrier is fully developed at birth.
False
180
name the lobes of the brain
1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. temporal lobe
4. occipital lobe
