Flashcards in Ecology Deck (485)
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1
ecology come from the word
Oikos- house, place to live
Ernst Haeckel 1869
2
Ecology interval/range
Organsims-Earth (biosphere)
Behavioural ecology-- population ecology-- community ecology-- deep ecology
3
Subsection of ecological genetics
genetic variability
natural selection
evolution
4
ecological genetics
study of genetic/phenotypic variability in natural populations, relationship to ecological processes
5
If all individuals in a population are homozygous
monomorphic
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If any individual in a population has a heterozygous locus
polymorphic
7
Average percent of loci in a population that are polymorphic
5-15%
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genes/individual
~20,000
9
Genetic variability
percentage of heterozygous loci : population size
increased genetic variability with increased population size
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Natural selection in moth species
evolved to mostly black because lichens were less common on trees after industrial revolution
11
Natural selection of sea snails living on kelp
Yellow snails have advantage over predator below kelp
brown has advantage over predator above kelp
due to light source
12
evolution of spirit bears
white bears have advantage over darker coloured bears when fishing
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zygosity in populations <100
nearly monomorphic
14
monomorphic populations
increases susceptibility to disease
decrease adaptability to environmental change
15
Initial genetic variation vs. generations
N = 20, genetic variation = 0 after 200 generations
N=100, variation down to 0.2 ~300 generations
N=1000 small decrease in variation over 500 generations
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reduced number of individuals in population
increased inbreeding-- increased homozygosity-- increased juvenile mortality
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MVP
minimum viable population
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minimum viable population
smallest possible size at which a biological population can exist without facing extinction
90% of genetic variability after 200 years
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MVA
minimum viable area
20
minimum viable area
minimum land area required to maintain genetic variability after 200 years
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MVP then and now
used to think ~500 was viable
now know it must be ~2500-4000
22
most common park size
~20-50km^2
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immigration in regards to genetic variability
even a small amount of migration per generation allows persistence of genetic variability
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no immigrants per generation
<60% genetic variability left after 100 generations
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1 immigrant per generation
~90% genetic variability left after 100 generations
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natural selection 2.0
non-random and differential reproduction of genotypes resulting in preservation of favourable variants
27
adaptation
physiological, morphological, or behavioural modification that enhances survival and reproductive success of an organism
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evolution
serial change over time
descent with modification
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Anagenesis
gradual change over time
changing adaptations over time
does not lead to species diversity
30
