Endocrine - Embryology and Anatomy Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Endocrine - Embryology and Anatomy Deck (7)
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1
Q

Thyroid development

  • Thyroid diverticulum
    • Arises from…
    • Connected to…
  • Foramen cecum
  • Most common ectopic thyroid tissue site
  • Thyroglossal duct cyst
A
  • Thyroid diverticulum
    • Arises from floor of primitive pharynx, and descends into neck.
    • Connected to tongue by thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid.
  • Foramen cecum is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct.
  • Most common ectopic thyroid tissue site is the tongue.
  • Thyroglossal duct cyst [A] presents as an anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue
    • vs. persistent cervical sinus leading to branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck
2
Q

Adrenal cortex and medulla

  • Derivations
    • Adrenal cortex
    • Medulla
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Neuroblastoma
A
  • Derivations
    • Adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm
    • Medulla is derived from neural crest
  • Pheochromocytoma
    • Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults.
    • Episodic hypertension.
  • Neuroblastoma
    • Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children.
    • Rarely causes hypertension.
3
Q

Adrenal cortex and medulla

  • For each
    • Location (cortex vs. medulla)
    • Primary regulation control
    • Secretory products
  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasiculata
  • Zona Reticularis
  • Chromaffin cells
A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
    • Location: Cortex
    • Primary regulation control: Renin-Angiotensin
    • Secretory products: Aldosterone
  • Zona Fasiculata
    • Location: Cortex
    • Primary regulation control: ACTH, CRH
    • Secretory products: Cortisol, sex hormones
  • Zona Reticularis
    • Location: Cortex
    • Primary regulation control: ACTH, CRH
    • Secretory products: Sex hormones (e.g. androgens)
  • GFR corresponds with Salt (Na+), Sugar (glucocorticoids), and Sex (androgens).
    • “The deeper you go, the sweeter it gets.”
  • Chromaffin cells
    • Location: Medulla
    • Primary regulation control: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
    • Secretory products: Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
4
Q

Adrenal gland drainage

  • Left
  • Right
  • Same as…
A
  • Left adrenal gland –>Ž left adrenal vein –>Ž left renal vein –>Ž IVC.
  • Right adrenal gland –>Ž right adrenal vein –>Ž IVC.
  • Same as left and right gonadal vein.
5
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

  • AKA…
  • Secretes…
  • Derived from…
A
  • AKA neurohypophysis
  • Secretes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, or ADH) and oxytocin
    • Made in the hypothalamus and shipped to posterior pituitary via neurophysins (carrier proteins).
  • Derived from neuroectoderm.
6
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

  • AKA…
  • Secretes…
  • Derived from…
  • Subunits
    • α
    • β
  • Cell productions
    • Acidophils
    • Basophils
A
  • AKA adenohypophysis
  • Secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH, melanotropin (MSH).
    • FLAT PiG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH.
  • Derived from oral ectoderm (Rathke pouch).
  • Subunits
    • α subunit—hormone subunit common to TSH, LH, FSH, and hCG.
    • β subunit—determines hormone specificity.
  • Cell productions
    • Acidophils—GH, prolactin.
    • Basophils—FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH.
      • B-FLAT
7
Q

Endocrine pancreas cell types

  • Islets of Langerhans
    • Definition
    • Derivation
  • α
  • β
  • δ
A
  • Islets of Langerhans
    • Collections of α, β, and δ endocrine cells.
    • Islets arise from pancreatic buds.
  • α = glucagon (peripheral)
  • β = insulin (central)
    • Insulin (β cells) inside.
  • δ = somatostatin (interspersed).

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