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Endocrine physio Flashcards

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1
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secretes

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
Beta endorphin

(FLAT PiG)

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2
Q

Derived from the oral ECTOderm (Rathke pouch)

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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3
Q

alpha subunit is common amongst hCG (3)

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) stores and secretes

*derived from neuro ECTOderm

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

Oxytocin

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5
Q

Adrenal Cortex is derived from the _____

Adrenal Medulla is derived from the _____

A

Mesoderm

Neural Crest cells

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6
Q

The center of the Adrenal gland is called the

A

Medulla (makes catecholamines)

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7
Q

Zona glomerulosa makes

A

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

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8
Q

Zona fasciculata makes

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

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9
Q

Zone Reticularis makes

A

Androstenedione (androgens)

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10
Q

The left adrenal vein drains to

A

The left renal vein

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11
Q

The right adrenal vein drains to

A

IVC

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12
Q

TRH can stimulate the release of

A

TSH
Prolactin

*Hypothyroidism can cause prolactinemia

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13
Q

GHIH (somatostatin) inhibits the release of

A

GH
TSH

*causes secondary hypothyroidism

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14
Q

Acidophile hormones exert their effects DIRECTLY on the end organ

A

Prolactin

GH

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15
Q

Basophiles are trophic hormones that regulate hormone synthesis of the end organ

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

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16
Q

CRH causes the release of

A

Pro-opio-melano-cortin

Beta endorphins
Melanocytes (MSH)
ACTH (Cortisol)

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17
Q

Adrenal insufficiency can cause what skin changes?

A

Hyperpigmentation due to elevated proopiomelanocortin

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18
Q

Stimulus for secretion is elevated plasma osmolality

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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19
Q

What is SIADH

A

Excess posterior pituitary secretion of Vasopressin (ADH) thus lowering the plasma osmolality significantly

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20
Q

Tesamorelin is a GHRH analog that is used to treat HIV associated

A

lipodystrophy

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21
Q 
Pituitary prolactinoma causes
ammenorhea
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Galactorrhea
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Osteoporosis

Hypogonadism (Low GnRH)

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22
Q

Growth hormone travels to the liver and causes the release of

A

Insulin Growth like Factor - 1

IGF-1 (anabolic)

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23
Q

Growth hormone inhibits the release of

A

Insulin

HY

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24
Q

GH mobilizes the metabolization of

A

Carbs and Fat

Increases Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, Gluconeogenesis)

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25
GH increases serum levels of
Glucose | Diabetogenic
26
Hypoglycemia, CKD, exercise, and sleep increased the pituitary secretion of
Growth Hormone
27
Vasopressin (ADH) and Aldosterone elevate (2)
BP | Fluid retention
28
Stimulates retention of Saline solution in the body
Aldosterone
29
Stimulates the retention of Free water
ADH (Vasopressin)
30
Hormone that LOWERS the blood osmolality | RAISES urine osmolality
ADH (Vasopressin)
31
Central diabetes insipidus presents with __ ADH levels
LOW | *administer Desmopressin
32
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus presents with __ ADH levels
HIGH
33
Stimulates Milk let down in the breast
Oxytocin
34
Stimulates Milk production in the breast
Prolactin
35
Dopamine ____ inhibits Prolactin
tonically
36
Prolactin ___its own secretion by INCREASING Dopamine secretion.
Inhibits
37
Progesterone inhibits ____ function during pregnancy
Prolactin
38
At birth, low levels of _____ allow Prolactin to stimulate milk production in the breast
Progesterone
39
Breast feeding maintains high levels of ____ in the serum
Prolactin
40
Renal failure causes elevated levels of ____ due to less elimination
Prolactin
41
What is a memory hook for some of the functions of thyroid hormones?
Sweet, Skinny, Sweaty College Freshmen like to Bone after using their Brain in class. ↑ Blood sugar, Lipid Breaks down, Metabolic rate, Bone growth, Brain maturation in fetuses
42
Thyroid hormones increases the expression/ activity of _____ in cells, thus ↑ Oxygen consumption, Temperature, and Respiratory rate
Na+/K+–ATPase
43
Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) stimulates ____ cells in Graves disease
Follicular
44
Free/ unbound thyroid hormones promote NEGATIVE feed back by ↓ anterior pituitary ____ to TRH and ↓ TRH secretion at the hypothalamus
sensitivity
45
Thyroxine binding globulin binds Thyroid hormone thus making it
inactive
46
Pregnancy and OCPs (Estrogen) ____ Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG)
↑
47
Nephrotic syndrome, Liver failure, and steroid use ____ Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG)
↓
48
Thyroid hormones enter the cells and increase the transcription of
Beta Adrenergic Receptors
49
Thyroglobulin (found in the thyroid follicular cell) inhibits the release of
TRH
50
Parathyroid hormone's (Cheif cells) main function is to ↑ Serum Calcium How?
↑ OsteoBlast to secrete RANK-L for bone reabsorption ↑ Active Vitamin D synthesis in the PCT ↑ 1 alpha hydroxylase to make active Vit. D ↑ Ca2+ via Na+/Ca2+ basal antiport in the early DCT ↓ Ph resorption in PCT via inhibiting Na/Ph cotransp
51
Severe HYPO____ can cause Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH, Calcium levels)
Magnesium | *Diarrhea, Diuretic, Drinking alcohol, Drugs (aminoglycosides)
52
__pH causes ↓ PTH
↓ | & Hypercalcemia due to free Ca2+
53
Cramps, muscle spasms, and parasthesias are common consequences of Low ____ levels
calcium
54
Hormone is inhibited by Insulin and somatostatin (GHIH)
Glucagon (alpha pancreas cells)
55
Hormone is inhibited by GLUCOSE and somatostatin (GHIH)
GH
56
causes hyperphosphatemia which binds calcium in the serum resulting in hypocalcemia
Chronic Kidney Disease ***HY*** *also causes less active vitamin D synthesis
57
Diagnose a patient with: | Elevated Insulin and C-Peptide
Insulinoma (rare)
58
Diagnose a patient with: Elevated Insulin and C-Peptide POSITIVE hypoglycemic assay
Oral Hypoglycemic agents (Metformin, sulfonylurea use) *may have a family member with Diabetes and taking their meds
59
Diagnose a patient with: Elevated Insulin Low C-Peptide
Excess Insulin use *may have a family member with Diabetes and taking their meds
60
Does Insulin cross the placenta?
NO | Glucose does
61
GLUT4 is increased by Exercise & Insulin in which tissues?
Skeletal Muscle | Adipose tissue
62
RBCs cannot use Ketones as fuel because they
lack Mitochondria
63
Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver, Islet Beta cells, Placenta, Spermatocytes (BRICK LIPS) take up glucose _____ of INSULIN
Independent *unlike muscle/fat
64
Insulin response is greater in Oral glucose intake rather than IV glucose because of
Incretins and Beta cell sensitivity to glucose | GLP-1 & GIP increase post-meal
65
Beta 2 agonist _ Insulin Release | Alpha 2 agonist _ Insulin Release
↑ | ↓
66
Beta Islet pancreatic cells release insulin. What GLUT transporter do they have?
GLUT 2
67
K+ channels close (trapping K+ in the cell) Ca+ voltage channels open allowing influx resulting in exocytosis of granules containing
INSULIN
68
Cortisol upregulate ____ receptors on arterioles
alpha 1 (vasoconstrictive)
69
At HIGH levels glucocorticoids like Cortisol can bind to ____ receptors.
Aldosterone | thus Increasing BP & causing hypokalemia
70
Cortisol increases insulin ____
Resistance *GH inhibits insulin release
71
``` What hormone inhibits Fibroblast activity Leukotriene production Prostaglandin production IL-2 production (T cell activator) ```
Cortisol
72
``` What hormone inhibits WBC adhesion (Neutrophilia) Histamine release from Mast cells Bone formation (osteoblast) Collagen Synthesis ```
Cortisol
73
Is cortisol a lipophilic or hydrophilic hormone
Lipophilic | enters cells via Corticosteroid binding globulin
74
Exogenous corticosteroids can cause reactivation of:
TB | Candidiasis
75
Chronic Glucocorticoid steroid use can cause what bone problems?
Osteoporosis (Bone weakness)
76
Cortisol __ vascular tone and __ serum glucose levels
ELEVATE
77
Which Endocrine hormones Act on a Gs coupled GPCR?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH(V2), MSH, PTH, Calcitonin, Histamine-2 , Glucagon, GHRH FLAT ChAMPs CHuGG @ cAMP
78
Which Endocrine hormones Act on a Gq coupled GPCR?
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine-1, Angiotensin II (ANG1) , Gastrin GOAT HAG on GQ
79
Which Endocrine hormones elevate cGMP levels
BNP, ANP, EDRF (NO) NO, BAd GraMPa
80
Which Endocrine hormones have INTRACELLULAR receptors?
Progesterone, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Thyroid Hormone, Vit. D PET CAT in their cell drinking vitamin D
81
Which Endocrine hormones act on Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/ MAP kinase pathway
``` Growth Factors (TGF-Beta too) Insulin ``` Get Found IN the MAP
82
Which Endocrine hormones act on NON-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/ JAK STAT pathway
Prolactin, ILs/IFN, GH, G-CSF, EPO, Thrombopoietin JAKked PIGGlET
83
High levels of sex binding globulin in men causes
Gynecomastia | low free T

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