Guranteed you need to know Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
List 10 HY
XLR diseases
YOU HAVE TO KNOW THIS
A
Glucose-6-phosphate DHase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemophilia A and B
Menkes disease
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, IL receptor γ-chain deficiency)
Duchenne (and Becker) Muscular Dystrophy
Lesch-Nyhan
Red-green color blindness
Ornithine transcarbomylase (OTC)
Fabry disease
Hunter disease
2
Q
List 3
XLD disease
A
Fragile X
Hypophosphatemic (vitamin-D resistant) rickets
Alport disease
Rett
3
Q
Common side-effects of ACE-inhibitors include ________ , ________ , and cough.
______ is a rare, but life-threatening, side-effect.
A
decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
hyperkalemia
Angioedema
4
Q
Uncal herniation often compresses the ipsilateral ____ resulting in _______
A
oculomotor nerve (CN III) CN III palsy with a fixed dilated pupil
5
Q
Berry aneurysms are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. _______- also predispose certain individuals to SAH.
A
Arteriovenous malformations
6
Q
Communicating hydrocephalus is a common complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage that presents with deteriorating mental status. It typically results from
A
blood-induced impairment of absorption of cerebrospinal fluid by the arachnoid granulations.
7
Q
Contralateral or ipsilateral hemiparesis
and
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing may also occur in
A
uncal herniation
8
Q
Turner syndrome chromosome count
A
45XO
female
9
Q
How to treat Pneumocystis Jirovecii
A
TMP-SMX
10
Q
TMP and SMX MOA
A
TMP:
Dihydrofolate Reductase inhibitor stops synthesis of Folate (THF)/ DNA/ RNA/ Protein
SMX:
Dihydropteroate Synthase Inhibitor stops synthesis of Folate (DHP)/ DNA/ RNA/ Protein
(Bacteriocidal when used with TMP)
11
Q
How to treat Toxoplasmosis Gondii
A
TMP-SMX
12
Q
When to treat
Pneumocystis Jirovecii
Toxoplasmosis Gondii
M. Avium
A
Pneumocystis Jirovecii <200 CD4
Toxoplasmosis Gondii <100 CD4
M. Avium <50 CD4
13
Q
How to treat M. Avium
A
Azithromycin
14
Q
Azithromycin MOA
A
Macrolide
inhibits PROTEIN synthesis by blocking
TRANSLOCATION (macroSLIDEs)
via binding to the 23s rRNA of 50s rRNA
(bacteriostatic)
15
Q
Which substrate is utilized in each blotting procedure
Southern:
Northern:
Western:
A
SNoW DRoP
Southern blots utilize DNA
Northern blots utilize RNA
Western blots utilize Protein.
16
Q
HBsAg means
A
Acute Hep B infection
if present for more than 6mo = Chronic
17
Q
HBeAg means
A
Increased Viral Replication
Infective
Acute Infection
18
Q
Anti- HBc - IgM means
A
Window phase
1st sign of acute infection
19
Q
Anti- HBs means
A
Cleared infection or Vaccination
Long term immunity
20
Q
Anti- HBe means
A
Cleared infection
Decreased Viral Replication
Decreased Infectivity
21
Q
Anti HBc IgG means
A
Acute/ Chronic infection
NOT in vaccination
22
Q
List the 6 types of DNA Viruses
A
Enveloped: HBV, Herpes, Pox
Non-Enveloped: HPV, Polyoma (JC/BK), Adenovirus
23
Q
List 7 NEGATIVE sense RNA (single strand)
A
Bunya (hanta) Arena (Lassa) Delta (HepD) Paramyxo (Measles, Mumps, RSV, Parainfluenza) Rhabdo (Rabies) Ortho (Influenza) Filo (Ebola, Mayburg)
24
Q
List 7 POSITIVE sense RNA (single strand)
A
Calici (Noro) HepE Flavi (HepC, WNV, Yellow, Dengue) Picorna (Polio, Entero, Rhino, HepA) Retro (HIV) Toga (Rubella) Corona (SARS)
25
_____, is a double-stranded, +sense, naked RNA virus.
It is a vaccine-preventable disease characterized by profuse, WATERY diarrhea in children.
Rotavirus (Reovirus)
26
List 4 types of Viruses that can establish LATENT infections
HHV (HSV, CMV, EBV, HHV6/7, VZV)
Polyomavirus (JC & BK)
HPV
HIV
27
EBV establishes latent infection in which cell type?
B cells
28
HSV and VZV establishes latent infection in which cell type?
Sensory Neurons
29
CMV, HHV6/7 establishes latent infection in which cell type?
Myeloid cells
RBC, Platelets, Granulocytes, Monocytes/MQs, Dendritic cells
30
HIV establishes latent infection in which cell type?
CD4 T cells
or
MQs (especially in the brain and late infection)
31
HPV establishes latent infection in which cell type?
Stratified Squamous Epithelial cells of cervix
32
BK virus establishes latent infection in which cell type?
Renal Tubular Epithelial cells
33
JC virus establishes latent infection in which cell type?
Neuroglial cells
34
HBV is an encapsulated virus with a partially ___ genome.
It binds to and enters hepatocytes using a host cell _____ and then sheds its coat in the host cytoplasm.
double-stranded DNA
bile salt transporter
35
In HBV
HOST cell machinery, yields a _____ template.
it is converted by VIRAL REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE into the partially double-stranded DNA genome for budding viral particles
+ sense single-stranded mRNA
(serves as a pre-genome
and
is translated by HOST ribosomes into the proteins for future progeny)
36
Ehler Danlos has a Mutation in
Collagen Type 5
37
Osteogenesis IMperfecta has a Mutation in
Collagen Type 1
| IM perfecta #1
38
Bleeding gums and Petechiae/Ecchymoses =
Scurvy
39
Broken Bones
Blue Sclera
Bad Teeth
Osteogenesis IMperfecta
40
Recurrent Sino-pulmonary infections
Ataxia
Talengiectasia
Hereditary Ataxia Talengiectasia
41
Light Skin/Eyes Albinism
Pyogenic (PUS forming) Infections
Neuro dysfunction
Microtubules bad
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
| Shitty Highway
42
HYPOcalcemia
Weird Face
Heart Defects
DiGeorge
| Thymic Aplasia
43
Diarrhea
Candidiasis
Recurrent infections
SCID
44
Recurrent Neisseria (meningitis) infections
Terminal Complement (C6-C9) deficiency
45
ECZEMA
Recurrent Infections
Easy Bleeding
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome
46
CD40L deficiency/absence
or
Dysfunctional CD40-CD40L interaction
Hyper IgM syndrome
47
≥180/120 mmHg
Hypertensive Crisis
48
List 3 Adverse effects of ACE-I
Angioedema (face)
Cough
HyperKalemia
49
List 2 Adverse effects of CCB (-dipines)
Edema (peripheral)
| Lightheadedness
50
List 3 Adverse effects of Beta Blockers
Sexual Dysfunction
Bradycardia
Bronchospasm (AVOID IN ASTHMA)
51
List 5 Adverse effects of Thiazides (Metolazone, Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothalidone)
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Hyperuricemia (gout)
Hyperglucosemia/Hypercholesterolemia
52
Aspirin MOA
IRREVERSIBLE
| COX-1 and COX-2
53
Probe used in Western Blots
Antibody
54
Probe used in Southern or Northern Blots
```
SINGLE Stranded
DNA
or
RNA
hybridization probe
```
55
Probe used in Southwestern Blot
what does it detect
detects DNA binding protein (like a TF, Histones, Nucleases)
DOUBLE Stranded DNA probe
56
List the Metabolic effects of GLUCAGON
| on Liver, Fat, and Heart
Liver:
Increases GLYCOGENOLYSIS, Gluconeogenesis
Decreases Lipogenesis, GLYCOLYSIS
Fat:
Increases Lipolysis
Heart:
Increases HR and contractility (High doses)
*useful to treat Beta Blocker OD
57
List 7 metabolic effects of Insulin
Increases:
Glucose uptake (Glut-4 in skeletal, fat and liver)
Glycogen synthesis
Protein synthesis
```
Decreases:
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis
Glucagon secretion (alpha cells)
```
58
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)
| MOA
TSST-1 binds to TCR and MHC II → release of
TNF-α
IL-1
IL-2
59
```
Enterotoxin B (heat stable)
MOA
```
Forms pores in enterocyte membranes →
leakage of Na+ and water into the intestinal lumen
(important mechanism of staphylococcal food poisoning)
60
a protease that is highly specific to DESMOSOME proteins of the stratum granulosum → epidermolysis in SSSS
Exfoliative toxin
61
Staph A: Protein A binds to
the Fc region of IgG
62
MRSA MOA
Modified penicillin-binding protein (PBP)
63
Found on the cell surface of Staph. A
| Promote colonization and persistence in host tissues
Capsular polysaccharides
64
List 10 diseases caused by Staph A
```
Cellulitis
Impetigo
Abscess (furuncles)
Acute bacterial endocarditis!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Pneumonia (classically after influenza virus infection)
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
TSS
SSSS (Scalded Skin)
Food poisoning (within 6 hours)
```
65
Treat MRSA with:
vancomycin OR linezolid
66
Urease producer
Adherent biofilm production on prosthetics and IV catheters
Treat with:
S. Epidermidis
Like Staph A. use Oxacillin OR Clindamycin
67
2 S. Pneumo Virulence factors
Capsular polysaccharides
| IgA1 protease
68
5 infections caused by S. Pneumo
Meningitis
Otitis Media
Pneumonia (rusty spit)/Pharyngitis
Sinusitis
69
A bacterial enzyme that cleaves mucosal IgA and allows organisms to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes. Produced by (3)
IgA protease
Streptococcus P.
Haemophilus I.
Neisseria species
70
How to treat S. Penumo
Penicillin (or Azithromycin if allergic)
Ceftriaxone
71
CHAIN like formation
Virulence Factors:
Dextran (facilitates binding to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves)
Biofilm formation (dental plaque)
S. Viridans
Biofilm by S. mutans and S. mitis
72
can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis
S. sanguinis
| Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis
73
Facultative anaerobe
Bacitracin-sensitive
Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) positive
GA strep
| Pyogenes
74
degrades cell membranes, mainly of RBC →
| beta-hemolysis
Streptolysin O: GAS
75
A protein produced by group A streptococci. It catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which is responsible for clot breakdown.
Can be used as a thrombolytic in patients with acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke.
Streptokinase
76
Produced by group A streptococci prevents opsonization by C3b
M protein (virulence factor)
77
Necrotizing fasciitis
can be caused by
Strep Pyogenes (GAS)
C. Perfringes (Gas gangrene)
Streptococcus anginosus
78
Patients present with fever, pharyngitis, flushed cheeks with perioral pallor, a white-coated or strawberry-red tongue, as well as an erythematous, sandpaper-like rash.
Scarlet fever
Group A streptococci: Pyogenes
79
A complication of untreated or subclinical infection with group A streptococcus (GAS), particularly tonsillopharyngitis.
Causes nonspecific symptoms (fever, malaise, and fatigue)
pancarditis,
migratory polyarthritis,
skin findings (subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum rash)
Sydenham chorea
Rheumatic Fever
Can cause Mitral valve regurgitation and later Stenosis
80
GAS Pharyngitis or Impetigo can cause
PSGN (2 weeks later)
81
CAMP factor : enlarges the hemolysis area in a culture formed by S. aureus
Group B Strep
| Agalactiae
82
Hippurate positive
Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) negative
Bacitracin-resistant
Group B Strep
| Agalactiae
83
Group B Strep (Agalactiae)
| can cause what 3 illnesses in neonates
Neonatal meningitis
pneumonia
Neonatal sepsis
84
Growth in bile, not 6.5% NaCl
Streptococcus gallolyticus
85
causes:
Bacteremia
Endocarditis
Colorectal carcinoma
Streptococcus gallolyticus (Bovis)
86
```
Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) positive
Growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl
```
Enterococcus
| E. faecium and E. faecalis
87
May be triggered by GI/GU procedures
Can Cause:
UTI
Cholecystitis
Subacute endocarditis
Enterococcus
| E. faecium and E. faecalis
88
How to treat Enterococcus
and
VRE
Ampicillin
Vancomycin (patients with penicillin allergy)
VRE: linezolid OR daptomycin
89
Hemolysis “double zone” in blood agar
C. Perfringes
90
The toxin undergoes retrograde axonal transport back to the CNS, binds inhibitory neurotransmitters
Tetanustoxin
91
Listeria in pregnancy is transmitted
Transplancental or during birth
92
Neisser stain: detection of characteristic metachromatic granules (red and blue)
Corynebacteria Diptheriae
93
Black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar
| Löffler medium: metachromatic granules
Corynebacteria Diptheriae
94
transmitted via respiratory droplets. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, and development of a grayish-white pseudomembrane on the posterior pharyngeal wall.
Diptheria
Treat with: erythromycin OR Penicillin G
Diphtheria antitoxin can be added as well
95
A bacterial AB toxin (with edema factor as the active component) produced by Bacillus anthracis that mimics adenylate cyclase, increasing production of cAMP. Thought to be responsible for the edematous borders of black eschars that form in patients with cutaneous anthrax.
Edema Toxin
| similar toxin in Pertussis
96
A component of the anthrax toxin that disrupts cell signaling pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway), which results in cellular death.
Lethal Factor
97
exotoxin
| Consists of lethal factor, edema factor, and a protective antigen that facilitates entry into host cells.
Anthrax Toxin
98
How to treat Anthrax
Ciprofloxacin (OR penicillin G)
PLUS
Clindamycin (OR linezolid)
*PLUS meropenem (if meningitis is present)
99
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, released by almost half of brain synapses.
Glutamate
100
Thayer-Martin agar
| Maltose and glucose fermenter
N. Meningititis
| N. Gonorrhea is a NON maltose fermenter
101
Bacterial Septicemia characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands with resulting acute adrenal insufficiency.
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
(N. meningititis)
*give Certriaxone
102
A syndrome characterized by inflammation of the liver capsule that occurs in women as a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease. Clinical features include fever, nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, and/or pleuritic chest pain.
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
| N. Gonorrhea
103
STD that most commonly manifests as an infection of the genitourinary tract
urethritis
cervicitis
pelvic inflammatory disease
epididymitis (penile discharge, but aseptic UA)
Gonorrhea
Treat with
ceftriaxone PLUS azithromycin
OR doxycycline
104
List 5 illnesses that can be caused by Gonorrhea
```
Gonorrhea
Septic arthritis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Neonatal conjunctivitis
```
105
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Bronchitis
Bronchopneumonia in COPD
can be caused by
Moraxella
| aspiration pneumonia
106
Satellitism in culture: S. aureus produces factor V via hemolysis →
H. influenzae can grow in the hemolytic zone
107
Hemophilic bacteria: isolation on chocolate agar
H. influenzae
| H. Ducreyi
108
```
Mucosal infection
Otitis media
Conjunctivitis
Epiglottitis
Sinusitis
Pneumonia (CAP)
Invasive infections: meningitis
```
H. influenzae
109
An AB exotoxin that inhibits host phagocytic activity.
The toxin increases adenylate cyclase activity by inactivating the Gi subunit.
Pertussis Toxin
110
lactose fermenters
pink colonies on MacConkey agar
green colonies with a metallic sheen on eosin-methylene blue agar
Produce beta-galactosidase
Resistance against bile salts → proliferates in GI tract
E. Coli
| except for EHEC, which does not ferment sorbitol
111
found in the outer cell membrane of several gram-negative bacteria. Consists of O antigen, a core polysaccharide, and lipid A. Released by living bacteria through membrane blebbing and upon bacterial cell death, inducing host release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which cause fever and hypotension leading to septic shock. Can also trigger the coagulation cascade, leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
LPS endotoxin
| E.Coli
112
Bipolar staining (“closed safety pin” appearance)
Y. Pestis
| Pasturella
