Psych Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
involuntary response learned stimulus
A
classical conditioning
2
Q
voluntary response punishment or reward involved
A
operant conditioning
3
Q
desired action followed by reward
A
positive reinforcement
4
Q
desired action followed by removal of punishment
A
negative reinforcement
5
Q
aversive stimuli (punishment)
A
positive punishment
6
Q
removal of positive stimuli (reward)
A
negative punishment
7
Q
discontinuation of +/– stimuli (reinforcement) eventually eliminates the behavior
A
extinction
8
Q
patient projecting feelings onto doctor
A
transference
9
Q
Doctor projects feelings onto patient
A
countertransference
10
Q
coping with actions rather than reflecting on feelings
A
acting out (ego defense)
11
Q
not accepting the painful truth
A
Denial (ego defense)
12
Q
redirect emotions or actions to a neutral person or object
A
Displacement (ego defense) *lashing out on someone else over what another person did to hurt you
13
Q
temporary drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress
A
Dissociation (ego defense)
14
Q
Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs regression)
A
Fixation (ego defense) *adult tantrum
15
Q
Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts.
A
Idealization
16
Q
Largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group
A
Identification
17
Q
Separating feelings from ideas or events
A
Isolation of affect
18
Q
Asserting plausible explanations for events that actually occurred for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame
A
Rationalization
19
Q
Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an emphasis on its opposite (vs sublimation).
A
Reaction formation ex) step mom is extremely nurturing to a child she resents
20
Q
Involuntarily turning back the maturational clock to behaviors previously demonstrated under stress (vs fixation which is voluntary).
A
Regression
21
Q
Involuntarily with holding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs suppression which is voluntary)
A
Repression
22
Q
Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. Common in borderline personality disorder.
A
Splitting
23
Q
Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but socially acceptable (vs reaction formation).
A
Sublimation (mature ego defense)
24
Q
Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity which provides gratification (vs reaction formation)
A
Altruism (mature ego defense)
25
Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs repression); temporary
Suppression (mature ego defense)
26
lightheartedly expressing uncomfortable feelings to shift the internal focus away from the distress
Humor (mature ego defense)
27
Long term deprivation of affection for greater than 6 months can lead to (2)
irreversible changes Infant death
28
infant is with drawn/unresponsive to comfort
Reactive attachment disorder
29
child indiscriminately attaches to strangers
Disinhibited social engagement
30
Characterized by subdural hematomas or retinal hemorrhage
Shaken Baby syndrome
31
STIs, UTIs, and genital, anal, or oral trauma. Absence of trauma does not exclude from differential
Sexual abuse (peak incidence 9-12)
32
Most common form of child maltreatment.
Child Neglect
33
Parents perceive the child as especially susceptible to illness or injury (vs factitious disorder imposed on another). Usually follows a serious illness or life-threatening event. Can result in missed school or overuse of medical services.
Vulnerable Child Syndrome
34
Commonly coexists with oppositional defiant disorder.
ADHD
35
ADHD requires what specific criteria to diagnose
≥6 months of limited attention span in ≥2 settings (school, home, church)
36
Repetitive/ Ritualized behavior
Autism
37
Adverse reaction to changes or certain stimuli
Autism
38
May be accompanied by intellectual disability or above average performance in a particular subject/skill
Autism
39
Associated with an increased head and or brain size more common in boys
Autism
40
Aside from Stimulants (Methylphenidate) what are alternative treatments to ADHD (3)
Atomoxetine Guanfancy Clonidine
41
Repetitive, pervasive behavior violating societal norms or the basic rights of others (eg, aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, theft). After age 18, often reclassified as antisocial personality disorder.
Conduct disorder Treat with CBT
42
Onset before age 10. Severe, recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to situation. Child is constantly angry and irritable between outbursts.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Treatment: CBT, stimulants, antipsychotics
43
Enduring pattern of anger and irritability with argumentative, vindictive, and defiant behavior toward authority figures
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
44
Onset before the age of 5. Lasts ≥1 month refrains speech in certain situations commonly exists with social anxiety disorder development of language skills not typically impaired
Selective mutism
45
Lasts ≥4 weeks Can be normal up to age 3-4 Overwhelming fear of separation from home or attachment figures. May lead to factitious physical complaints to avoid school.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
46
Lasting for ≥6 months despite focused intervention. The inability to acquire or use information from a specific subject (math, reading, writing) at the expected proficiency level for age. General functioning and intelligence are normal
Specific learning Disability
47
Persists \>1 year, onset before 18 years Sudden, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor and vocal tics
Tourette Syndrome
48
Coprolalia
involuntary obscene speech
49
Associated with OCD and ADHD
Tourette Syndrome
50
Treatment: psycho-education, behavioraltherapy. For intractable and distressing tics use (4):
High potency antipsychotics (haloperidol, fluphenazine) Tetrabenazine, α2-agonists (guanfancy, clonidine) Atypical antipsychotics
51
Fluid/Electrolyte imbalance, Hypoglycemia, Hypoxia, and nutritional deficiencies are common causes of
loss of Orientation (Time, Place, Person, Situation)
52
Amnesia (anterograde\>retrograde) and disorientation Confabulations are characteristic. Caused by vitaminB1 deficiency. Manifestation of Wernicke encephalopathy in alcoholics
Korsakoff Syndrome \*destruction of the limbic system, especially mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus
53
Hallucinations occur while GOing to sleep. Common in Narcolepsy
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
54
Hallucinations occur while waking up from sleep
HypnoPOMPic Hallucinations (POMPed to get up in the morning)
55
Type of rare hallucination sometimes seen in epilepsy
Gustatory Hallucination
56
often occurs as an aura of temporal lobe epilepsy and in brain tumors
Olfactory Hallucination (ex: smelling burning rubber)
57
common in alcoholic withdrawl and stimulant use
Tactile Hallucinations ex: Cocaine Crawlies type of delusional parasitosis where they feel like they have bugs crawling on their skin
58
Visual hallucinations are more commonly due to
medical illness rather than psychiatric illness
59
Auditory hallucinations are more commonly due to
psychiatric illness rather than medical illness
60
firmly held believes despite evidence to the contrary and are not typical of a patient's culture or religion.
Delusions
61
Psychosis es cuando una persona tiene un percepción de realidad distorsionado caracterizado posiblemente por 3 cosas:
1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized thoughts/speech
62
Tear in the esophagus due to (induced/or not) vomiting causing hematemisis
Mallory Weiss Syndrome (seen in bulimia and alcoholism)
63
Dorsal Hand Calluses from induced vomiting
Russel Sign (seen in bulimia)
64
Parotid Gland enlargement (increased amylase) & enamel erosion
Seen in Bulimia
65
Eating disorder where BMI is normal or slightly elevated
Bulimia
66
≥3 months binge eating and compensatory purging
Bulimia
67
Eating disorder that is contraindicates Bupropion and why?
Bulimia (increased risk of seizures due to hypokalemia/hypochloremia)
68
Low BMI Caloric Restriction possible purging behaviors
Anorexia
69
≥3 months recurring laxative or diuretic abuse or induced vomiting preceded by binge eating
Binge eating/ Purging type of Anorexia
70
Dieting, Fasting, and/or Over-exercising NO: binging or purging
Restricting type of Anorexia
71
Complications include Seizures, Rhabdomyolysis, and cardiac due to increased insulin and decreased K+, Mg2+, Phosphate from a sudden increase in caloric intake
Refeeding syndrome \*malnourished patients (anorexic, homeless, alcoholics)
72
at least weekly for ≥3 months episodes of over eating without purging
Binge eating disorder treat with psychotherapy (1st line)
73
≥1 month Recurring episodes of eating non-food substances
Pica Psychotherapy and nutritional rehabilitation are first line
74
Associated with Malnutrition, Iron deficiency anemia, developmental disabilities and emotional trauma Common in pregnancy and kids
Pica
75
List the five stages of change
76
Chronic alcohol use downregulates **inhibitory** ___ receptors and upregulates **excitatory** _______ receptors. Therefore, sudden cessation of alcohol leads to CNS overexcitation (eg, agitation, disorientation, tremulousness, autonomic hyperactivity).
GABA A
NMDA glutamate
\*Sudden cessation of alcohol leads to **decreased GABA** activity and **increased glutamate activity**, resulting in CNS overexcitation
77
typically one of the earliest symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
Tremulousness
78
the most severe manifestation of alcohol withdrawal and typically begins 48-96 hours after the last drink.
Delirium tremens
79
\_\_\_\_\_ withdrawal is marked by mydriasis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, piloerection, lacrimation, and yawning.
Opioid
80
The mu-opioid antagonist ______ is a first-line pharmacotherapy for moderate-to-severe alcohol use disorder, and works by preventing the reinforcing effects of alcohol use.
naltrexone
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_ disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of explosive verbal or physical aggression. The aggressive behaviors are impulsive and grossly out of proportion to the provocation.
Intermittent explosive
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_ can produce psychotic symptoms (eg, paranoid delusions), euphoria, and agitation. Physical signs indicating sympathetic stimulation (eg, tachycardia, diaphoresis, mydriasis) can assist in differentiating cocaine intoxication from primary psychiatric disorders.
Cocaine intoxication
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_ disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having a serious, undiagnosed disease, despite few or no symptoms and negative medical workup.
Illness anxiety
84
Patients experiencing a major depressive episode should be carefully screened for past manic episodes to rule out bipolar disorder. _______ monotherapy should be avoided in patients with bipolar disorder due to the risk of precipitating mania.
Antidepressant
85
86
waxing and waning levels of consciousness with acute onset
Low attention span
Low level of arousal
Delerium
\*REVERSIBLE
87
Positive Schizophrenia Symptoms (5)
hallucinations
delusions
unusual thought processes
disorganized speech
bizarre behavior
88
Negative Schizophrenia symptoms:
flat or blunted affect
apathy
anhedonia (no pleasure)
alogia
social withdrawal
89
reduced ability to understand or make plans
diminished working memory
inattention
Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
90
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires
\_\_\_ of the following active symptoms, including ___ from symptoms #1–3:
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations, often auditory
3. Disorganized speech
4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
≥2
≥1
91
Diagnosis of schizophrenia
## Footnote
Requires __ months of active symptoms over the past __ months
≥1 month
6
92
Schizophrenia is associated with altered dopaminergic activity, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_**serotonergic activity**, and _____ **dendritic branching**.
**Ventriculomegaly** on brain imaging
increased
decreased
93
what is first line for Scizophrenia treatment?
Risperidone (atypical)
Negative symptoms often persist after treatment, despite resolution of positive symptoms
94
**Brief psychotic disorder** ___ **positive symptom(s) lasting**
\_\_\_ month, usually **stress-related**.
≥1
\<1
95
**Schizophreniform disorder**
\_\_\_ symptoms
lasting ____ months.
≥2
1–6
96
Shares symptoms with both schizophrenia and mood disorders (major depressive or bipolar disorder).
To differentiate from a **mood disorder with psychotic features**, patient must have _____ of psychotic symptoms **_without a manic or depressive episode_**.
Schizoaffective disorder
\>2 weeks
97
1 or more delusion(s) lasting __ month, but **without a mood disorder or other psychotic symptoms**.
Daily functioning, including socialization, maybe impacted by the pathological, fixed belief but is otherwise unaffected.
**Can be shared by individuals inclose relationships (folieàdeux).**
Delusional disorder
more than 1 month
98
disorder involves the conscious and deceptive feigning or self-production of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain attention and medical care from health care personnel.
Factitious
99
is differentiated from factitious disorder by the intentional falsification of symptoms for personal gain (eg, financial benefits, time off from work). In contrast, factitious disorder requires the absence of obvious rewards.
Malingering
100
≥1 unexplained symptoms; excessive thoughts, anxiety & behaviors in response to symptoms
Somatic Symptom disorder
101
Minimal to no symptoms; preoccupation with idea of having a serious illness
illness anxiety disorder
102
Fear of Scrutiny
Social Anxiety Disorder
103
Recurrent Unexpected panic attacks
Panic Disorder
104
nightmares
flashbacks
intrusive thoughts
irritability
sleep distrubance
\>1 month
recent trauma
PTSD
105
Marked anxiety about a specific object or situation for more than 6 months with avoidant behavior
specific phobia
106
Managed with regular visits with same provider
reassure illness has been ruled out
somatic symptom disorder
107
Sad and worried feelings without functional impairment at work, school, or home
Normal Sadness
108
Chronic Depressed mood for ≥2 months
dysthimia
109
Social/Family support
Religion
Pregnancy
Parenthood
are all what?
Protective factors against suicide
110
Number one greatest risk factor for suicide?
Previous Attempt
