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Human Form & Function > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

homeostasis means “ “?

A

“same state”

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2
Q

feedback mechanisms involve what four features?

A

system variable: regulated parameter
set point: optimal setting
detector: sensor mechanism
corrective mechanism

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3
Q

endocrinology?

A

the study of hormone action and the endocrine system

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4
Q

hormones are?

A

chemical messengers secreted into the blood by specialized cells

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5
Q

what do hormones do? (3)

A

Alter the rates of various metabolic processes in target cells.*

Act at very low concentrations: nano- to pico-molar range (10-9 to 10-12).

Control long-term homeostatic processes (growth, development, metabolism,
reproduction and internal environment regulation)

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6
Q

hormones act by binding receptors on or in what?

A

target cells

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7
Q

Hormones act by binding receptors on or in target cells to control (3)

A

the rates of enzymatic reactions

the movement of ions or molecules across membranes

gene expression and protein synthesis

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8
Q

hormones my act in (4)

A

neurocrine
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine fashion

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9
Q

Where are most hormones produced and released?

A

endocrine glands

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10
Q

neurocrine:
endocrine:
paracrine:
autocrine fashion:

A
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11
Q

Thyroid hormone: source and action

A

thyroid
Controls basal metabolism

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12
Q

source and action of Cortisol

A

adrenal cortex
energy metabolism, stress response

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13
Q

source and action of mineralocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex
Regulate plasma volume via effects on serum electrolytes

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14
Q

source and action of Vasopressin

A

posterior pituitary
Regulate plasma osmolality via effects on water excretion

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15
Q

source and action of parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid gland
Regulates calcium and phosphorous levels

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16
Q

source and action of insulin

A

pancreas
Regulates plasma glucose concentration

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17
Q

source and action of:
thyroid hormone
cortisol
mineralocorticoids
vasopressin
parathyroid hormone
insulin

A
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18
Q

hormone chemical classifications (3)

A
  1. Aminehormones (derivatives of tyrosine)
    a) Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
    b) Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine (T4))
  2. Peptidehormones (insulin)
  3. Steroid hormones (estrogen, androgens, cortisol)
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19
Q

hormone solubility (polarity) classifications (2)

A
  1. Lipophilic (nonpolar) = fat-soluble
    • Steroid hormones & thyroid hormones
    • Usually bind to intracellular receptors
  2. Hydrophilic (polar) = water-soluble
    • Peptide hormones and catecholamines
    • Usually bind to extracellular cell membrane receptors
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20
Q

Hydrophilic (water-soluble) hormones ____ diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membrane

A

cannot

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21
Q

hydrophilic hormones include both (2)

A

Peptide hormones
Catecholamines (amine-derived)

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22
Q

what do hydrophilic hormones not include?

A

thyroid hormones

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23
Q

secondary messenger signaling has ____ affect on transcription of target genes

A

indirect

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24
Q

The hormone (the 1st chemical message) initiates the signaling cascade by binding to receptors on the _____ of the membrane, which are coupled to a ____ that then activates an intracellular second messenger cascade for signal transduction

A

surface
G-proteins

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25
the second messenger used by most water-soluble hormones is the ___
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
26
27
28
what is the derivative of the two groups of amine hormones?
tyrosine
29
what are the two groups of amine hormones?
thyroid hormones catecholamines
30
what are the two groups of amine hormones? and what do they bind to?
thyroid hormones: lipophilic, binds to nuclear receptors catecholamines: hydrophilic, binds to cell membrane receptors
31
thyroid hormones characteristics (3)
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) very long half-lives nuclear receptors (lipophilic)
32
catecholamines characteristics (3)
epinephrine and norepinephrine very short half-lives membrane receptors (hydrophilic)
33
what are the most numerous hormones?
peptide hormones
34
peptide hormones are ___-soluble
water-soluble (hydrophilic)
35
peptide hormones have a ___ half-life
short
36
peptide hormones are cell membrane ____
receptors (2nd messenger system)
37
peptide hormones are produced as large precursors called
prohormones *inactive
38
prohormones or preprohormones are
inactive
39
peptide hormone processing (4)
1. gene transcription (nucleus) 2. translation (cytoplasm) 3. pre-secretory processing (Golgi) 4. post-secretory processing (after secretion)
40
steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterol
41
steroid hormones are ___-soluble
lipid *intracellular receptors
42
steroid hormones are ___ permeable through cell membranes
freely
43
steroid hormones are carried in plasma by
hormone-specific plasma binding globulins
44
“Bound” fractions of steroid hormones serve as ____ for rapid release, as needed
reservoir
45
Lipid-soluble hormones cross the cell membrane to bind intracellular receptors. These include:
- Steroid hormones - Thyroid hormones
46
Hormone-receptor complex moves toward nuclear chromatin, binds to a cell’s DNA forming a complex, and acts ____ as a transcription factor regulating the transcription of the target gene to mRNA.
directly
47
intracellular hormone receptor pathway (words)
48
49
Conversion of androgens to estrogens by
aromatase enzymes
50
In postmenopausal women,_____ is the primary source of estrogens.
adipose tissue
51
52
53
Negative feedback:
hormone shuts down either the stimulating or the releasing factors terminating the hormone action. (Homeostatic)
54
positive feedback:
hormones enhance releasing and stimulating factors thus perpetuating additional hormone action. (i.e., as in partuition) (Non-homeostatic)
55
In the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ feedback loops: anterior pituitary (_____) and the posterior pituitary (_____) have different target organs and mechanisms of communication with their target organs
adenohypophysis neurohypophysis
56
Anterior pituitary aka
adenohypophysis
57
Posterior pituitary aka
neurohypophysis
58
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is NOT a separate organ, but an extension of the
hypothalamus
59
_____ ___connects the anterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibular stalk
60
osmolality:
how much of one substance is dissolved in another substance
61
Serum osmolality
how much dissolved blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and sodium are in serum 275-299 mOsm
62
Homeostatic feedback systems regulate
serum osmolality
63
Vasopressin (ADH), is produced by the ____ and secreted at the posterior pituitary.
hypothalamus
64
Vasopressin (ADH), is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted at the ___ ___
posterior pituitary
65
The main control of vasopressin secretion is by
hypothalamic osmoreceptors
66
vasopressin vs blocked
vasopressin: water is reabsorbed into the blood (decreased urine volume) vasopressin blocked: water is NOT reabsorbed into the blood (increase urine volume)
67
68
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis is responsible for the body's ...
adaptive stress response
69
70
implication on the body from HPA axis in response to stress
o digestion, o the immune system, o mood and emotions, o sexuality, o serum osmolality o energy storage/expenditure
71
All adrenocortical hormones are ____ hormone
steroid
72
three adrenocortical hormones
mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa) glucocorticoids (zona fasciculata) adrenal androgens (zona reticularis)
73
Adrenal medulla secretes _____ like (2)
catecholamines EPI (epinephrine) and NE (norepinephrine)
74
Aldosterone promotes ____ reabsorption and ____ excretion by the renal tubular epithelial cells of the collecting ducts.
sodium reabsorption potassium excretion
75
aldosterone also stimulates the secretion of ... (not K)
K+ ions.
76
hypokalemia & muscle weakness, if aldosterone levels are
increased
77
hyperkalemia with cardiac toxicity, if aldosterone levels are
decreased
78
aldosterone escape
Persistently elevated extracellular fluid volumes can cause pressure diuresis in the kidney
79
Eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in the blood decrease with
atrophy of lymphoid tissue
80
glucocorticoids effects (cortisol)
increased serum glucose and glycogen stores in liver anti-inflammatory effects
81
Hypothalamus is signaled by the following triggers to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (3)
normal circadian rhythm stress pro-inflammatory cytokines
82
Anterior Pituitary is stimulated by ___ to release adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
83
Adrenal gland stimulated by ACTH to increase ____ synthesis and secretion
cortisol
84
The glucocorticoid, cortisol, can feedback inhibit both ___ and ___ production/release at the pituitary or hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.
CRH and ACTH
85
male sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
DHEA DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) androstenedione 11-hydroxyandrostenedione
86
female sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
progesterone estrogen *via aromatization
87
endocrine disorders
Endocrine gland hyposecretion (hormone deficiency) Hormone resistance (Type II Diabetes Myelitis) Hormone Excess (acromegaly, somatostatin, growth hormone) - Graves Disease (thyroid hormone)
88
diabetes: Addison's disease: Gigantism:
Diabetes: the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in the U.S. Addison’s Disease: adrenal gland releases too little cortisol gigantism (acromegaly): excess growth hormone
89
Cushing's syndrome
excess ACTH results in overproduction of cortisol
90

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