olfactory and taste

Question 1

taste vs temperature/touch innervation of the anterior tongue

Answer 1

taste: chorda tympani (CN VII)
touch/temp: lingual n. (CN V-3)

Question 2

posterior tongue innervation of taste/temp/touch

Answer 2

glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

What’s the least understood sense?

Answer 4

smell

Question 5

Olfactory membrane is located on

Answer 5

superior part of each nostril

Question 6

type of receptor on the cilia of olfactory cells

Answer 6

odorant-binding protein receptors

Question 7

Binding of chemical odorant to receptor induces the _____ transduced formation of cAMP which opens _____ channels

Answer 7

Binding of chemical odorant to receptor induces the “G-protein” transduced formation of cAMP which opens “sodium” channels

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Odorant-binding receptors are located on the

Answer 9

cilia of olfactory cells

Question 10

Odorant-binding receptors on olfactory cell cilia actions

Answer 10

Binding induces G-protein
activation of adenyl cyclase

causes formation of cAMP

cAMP opens sodium channels

causing depolarization

Question 11

substances must be sightly _____ to penetrate the mucus to reach the olfactory cells

Answer 11

water-soluble

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

anosmia

Answer 13

loss of smell

Question 14

trauma to the cribriform plate that shears the olfactory axons is called

Answer 14

anosmia (loss of smell)

Question 15

rhinorrhea

Answer 15

nasal congestion

Question 16

anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation and taste innervation
posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation and taste innervation

Answer 16

anterior:
sensation - lingual n. CN V-3
taste - chorda tympani (CN VII)

posterior:
sensation - CN IX
taste - CN IX

Question 17

posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation and taste innervation

Answer 17

sensation - CN IX
taste - CN IX

Question 18

anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation and taste innervation

Answer 18

anterior:
sensation - lingual n. CN V-3
taste - chorda tympani (CN VII)

Question 19

13 possible chemical receptors in taste buds

Answer 19

*2 for sodium
* 2 for potassium
* Chloride
* Adenosine
* Inosine
* 2 sweet
* 2 bitter
* Glutamate
* Hydrogen ion

Question 20

sour taste perception caused by

Answer 20

Caused by H+ from acids (citric acid, acetic acid)

Question 21

salty taste perception caused by

Answer 21

ionized salts, mainly sodium (NaCl)

Question 22

sweet taste perception caused by

Answer 22

sucrose
many chemicals - mostly organic

Question 23

umami taste perception cause by

Answer 23

glutamate

Question 24

bitter taste preception caused by

Answer 24

long chain organic substances (N)
alkaloids

Question 25

how does age impact bitter taste preception

Answer 25

younger is more sensitive to bitter taste sensation

Question 26

taste buds are located on what?

Answer 26

papillae of tongue

Question 27

Circumvallate papillae form a " "

Answer 27

V

Question 28

where are 50% of taste buds found?

Answer 28

Circumvallate papillae

Question 29

taste bud distribution on papillae

Answer 29

Circumvallate papillae 50% Foliate papillae 25% Fungiform papillae 25%

Question 30

location of tongue papillae

Answer 30

Circumvallate papillae -- posterior surface of tongue Foliate papillae -- along lateral surfaces of tongue Fungiform papillae -- flat surface of tongue

Question 31

most numerous of the lingual papillae are the

Answer 31

filiform papilae

Question 32

what papillae is responsible for giving the tongue its texture and sensation of touch?

Answer 32

filiform papillae

Question 33

what is the average life of a taste bud?

Answer 33

10 days

Question 34

salts, sweet, sour, and umami tastes cause _____ of the respective taste cells

Answer 34

depolarization

Question 35

bitter taste causes an internal release of ____

Answer 35

Ca2+ (no external Ca2+ required)

Question 36

transmission of taste sensation (starting at taste buds)

Answer 36

anterior 2/3 CN VII posterior 1/3 CN IX posterior of mouth CN X -> signals to solitary nucleus -> thalamus -> cortex

Question 37

Question 38

gustatory cortex contains (2)

Answer 38

insula (in synovial fissure) frontal operculum (near insula)

Question 39

taste and smell are tied to primitive ____ and _____ functions of the NS

Answer 39

emotional and behavioral

Question 40

most of what is perceived as a sense of taste is actually derived from ___

Answer 40

smell

Question 41

glutamate is thought to be a primary tastant of which of the following taste sensations?

Answer 41

umami

Question 42

What substance stimulates the sour taste sensation?

Answer 42

hydrogen ions

Question 43

which of these is NOT a primary smell sensation? ethereal floral camphoraceous umami

Answer 43

umami

Question 44

what are the primary smell sensations?

Answer 44

musky putrid pungent camphoraceous ethereal floral pepperminty

Question 45

the first central synapse for neurons transmitting the sweet taste sensation is in the nucleus of what?

Answer 45

solitary tract

Question 46

the facial nerve is responsible for the innervation of what? (in relation to taste)

Answer 46

anterior 2/3 of tongue *chorda tympani

Question 47

What follows the activation of an odorant receptor in the transduction mechanism of smell?

Answer 47

G-protein activation of adenyl cyclase

Question 48

what CN is involved primarily in olfaction?

Answer 48

CN I

Question 49

a woman comes home and detects a strong smell of gas but her husband has been home all day and does not smell anything. What condition describes the husband?

Answer 49

anosmia

Question 50

where are odorant binding receptors found?

Answer 50

cilia

Question 51

lack of taste refers to

Answer 51

ageusia

Question 52

in the olfactory transduction mechanism, what ions have increased conductance?

Answer 52

sodium