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Human Form & Function > Bone/Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone/Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

is cartilage avascular or vascular

A

avascular

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2
Q

what percent is cartilage composed of water?

A

80%

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3
Q

are there nerves in cartilage

A

no nerves

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4
Q

three types of cartilage and roles/locations

A

hyaline:
—role: support, flexibility, resilience (weakest, most widespread)
—loc: articular surfaces, costals, respiratory (trachea/larynx), nasal

Fibro:
—role: compressible, high pressure, stretch (strongest)
—loc: intervertebral disks
—no perichondrium
—both type 1 and 2 collagen

elastic:
—role: elasticity and maintain shape
—loc: external ear, nasal tip, eustachian tube, epiglottis
—type 2 collagen and elastin

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5
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts: immature/undiff cells
chondrocytes: mature cells (lacunae enclosure)

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6
Q

ground substance of cartilage

A

proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfates/hyaluronic acid/electrostatic repulsion)

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7
Q

what are the components of cartilage

A

cells, ground substance, collagen

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8
Q

perichondrium

A

dense irregular ct that envelopes elastic and hyaline cartilage (not fibrocart)

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9
Q

general bone functions

A

support/shape
protection
assist homeostasis
blood cell production

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10
Q

is bone vascular or avascular

A

vascular

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11
Q

compact vs spongey bone

A

cortical/compact:
— outer layer of bone
—dense
—osteons
—80% of bone
cancellous/spongey:
—inner layer
—trabeculae

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12
Q

bone remodeling cells

A

osteoclast: resorb bone
osteoblast:build bone

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13
Q

hydroxyapatite comp

A

39% calcium
18% phosphorous

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14
Q

where is 99% of calcium sored in the body?

A

bone

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15
Q

calcium homeostasis hormones

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcitonin
“activated” Vit D

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16
Q

PTH does what when calcium blood levels are too low

A

stimulates Ca release from bone
increase Ca absorption from gut
promotes Vit D act

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17
Q

calcitonin does what when calcium blood levels get too high

A

reabsorption of calcium from bone

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18
Q

osteomalacia/rickets

A

defective bone matric calcification due to Vit D deficiency (and/or Ca deficiency)

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19
Q

osteopetrosis

A

impaired osteoclasts (fragile bone)

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20
Q

osteoporosis

A

excess osteoclast function

Tx: biphosphonates, teriparatide (bone-building drug)

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21
Q

Biphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw

A

biphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: disfiguring jaw conditions involving serious infection and abnormal build-up of bone

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22
Q

what tissue is composed of 80% water, avascular, no nerve fibers, and flexible?

A

cartilage

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23
Q

what tissue do chondroblasts reside in?

24
Q

what is the prominent proteoglycan in cartilage/bone?

Study These Flashcards
A

chondroitin sulfate (electrostatic/proteoglycan repulsion)

25
chondrocytes vs chondroblasts
chondrocytes are mature cells chondroblasts are immature cells (undifferentiated)
26
loss of what contributes to osteoarthritis and joint erosion?
loss of chondroitin sulfate
27
what fibers are in hyaline cartilage?
Collagen II only (weakest cartilage)
28
what fibers are in fibrocartilage?
Collagen I & Collagen II (strongest cartilage)
29
what fibers are in elastic cartilage?
Elastin & Collagen II (springy)
30
does the perichondrium have a poor or rich blood supply?
rich blood supply well innervated
31
what are the layers of perichondrium?
Outer fibrous layer: resist expansion inner chondrogenic layer: immature chondrogenic cells
32
what is the most widespread cartilage?
hyaline articular surfaces costal cartilages respiratory cartilages nasal cartilages
33
if hyaline cartilage is damaged, what often replaces it?
fibrocartilage
34
composition of hyaline cartilage
spherical chondrocytes collagen II only perichondrium no nerves/blood vessels
35
what type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium?
fibrocartilage *hyaline and elastic have perichondrium
36
locations of elastic cartilage
external ear nasal tip eustachian tube epiglottis
37
fibrous covering in cartilage
perichondrium
38
fibrous covering of bone
periosteum
39
structural unit of bone
osteon
40
Areas with higher % trabecular bone are found in the
vertebral column proximal femur near pelvic girdle distal radius
41
what protein attaches osteoclasts to bone?
integrins
42
what do osteoclasts dissolve?
hydroxyapatite (Ca2+ and Phos) Collagen
43
osteoclast vs osteoblast
44
99% of calcium is stored in the ____
bones
45
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by _____ or the _______ glands
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by CHIEF CELLS of the PARAthyroid glands
46
calcitonin is secreted by what?
Calcitonin is secreted by the PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS of the thyroid gland
47
what does calcitonin do?
inhibits the resorption of calcium from bone inhibits osteoclast activity less calcium in the blood *oppositive of parathyroid hormone
48
what two hormones regulate calcium levels in blood?
PTH (parathyroid hormone): increase Ca in blood Calcitonin: decrease calcium in the blood
49
What are the four ways in which calcitonin lowers Ca2+ levels in blood?
1. inhibits Ca2+ absorption by intestines 2. inhibits osteoclasts 3. stimulates osteoblasts 4. inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorption of Ca2+ (excreted in urine)
50
glucocorticoids
hormone impacting Ca2+ metabolism lowers calcium inhibits osteoclasts
51
growth hormone on Ca2+
increase calcium in blood
52
estrogen on Ca2+
prevents osteoporosis
53
insulin on Ca2+
increases bone formation
54
rickets or osteomalacia
defective bone matrix calcification due to Vit D deficiency
55
osteopetrosis
osteoblasts operate unopposed fragile /distorted bone
56
osteoporosis
excess osteoclast function
57
disfiguring jaw condition involving serious infection and osteopetrosis
ONJ Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (bisphosphonate-associated)

Human Form & Function (48 decks)

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