Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
what organ performs these functions?
drug metabolism
protein synthesis
endocrine/exocrine
production /excretion of bile
modification of blood contents
and more
A
liver
2
Q
what factors in dentistry are impacted by the liver/gallbladder/pancreas?
A
pharmacology
system toxicity
organ transplant patients
blood dyscrasias
3
Q
where is the gallbladder in relation to the liver?
A
inferior/deep to liver
4
Q
what parts of the liver do not have the visceral peritoneum covering it?
A
bare area (exposed directly to the diaphragm)
gallbladder fossa
porta hepatis
5
Q
what is the capsule of the liver called?
A
visceral peritoneum
6
Q
falciform ligament connects what?
A
liver to the anterior abdominal wall
7
Q
hepatogastric ligament connects what
A
connects the stomach to the liver
8
Q
hepatoduodenal ligament connects what
A
connects the liver to the duodenum?
9
Q
atrial supply of the liver
A
10
Q
what is the main vein that enters the liver?
A
portal vein
11
Q
blood from the spleen, pancreas. gallbladder, and abdominal segment of the GI tract empty into the…
A
portal vein
12
Q
splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the..
A
portal vein
13
Q
what does the portal vein enter through?
A
porta hepatis of the liver
14
Q
what structures go through the fissures of liver?
A
right/left hepatic arteries
portal vein
cystic ducts
15
Q
portal vein enters the liver and then …
A
branches
16
Q
how many functional lobes of the liver?
A
8
17
Q
liver: endocrine secretes ____ the blood
A
secretes INTO the blood
18
Q
liver: exocrine secretes ____ epithelium
A
exocrine secretes ONTO epithelium
19
Q
the liver controls _____ metabolism
A
drug
20
Q
liver functions: protein synthesis of…
A
carrier proteins
clotting cascade
serum albumin
proteinaceous hormones
21
Q
liver controls the production and secretion of ___
A
bile
22
Q
liver can perform ______ of blood contents
A
modifications
23
Q
study
A
24
Q
liver converts ____ to ___
A
ammonia to urea
25
liver removes ____ (4)
bacteria
bilirubin
poisons
toxins
26
liver introduces _____ drugs
metabolized drugs (in safe form)
27
liver makes and introduces ... (5)
proteins
amino acids
blood clotting factors
cholesterol
immune factors
28
functions of liver
Regulating blood levels of amino acids
Processing hemoglobin
Clears bilirubin from red blood cells
Removes bacteria, poisons, and toxins
Converts toxic ammonia into urea
Makes and introduces amino acids, blood clotting factors, immune factors, and proteins into the blood
Metabolism or biotransformation of drugs
29
liver cells
Hepatocytes
Stellate cells
Sinusoidal endothelial cells
Kuppfer cells
Epithelial cells of biliary tree
Hepatic stem cells
Natural killer lymphocytes
Connective tissue cells
30
hepatocytes are ___% of liver
80%
31
hepatocytes are sites of ____ productions
bile
32
hepatocytes synthesize different factors that gets introduced into the ____
blood
33
hepatocytes are sites of _____
detoxification
34
hepatocytes are sites of .... (2)
bile production
detoxification
35
kupffer cells remove _____ and debris from the portal blood
bacteria
36
kupffer cells secrete ____
cytokines
37
kupffer cells are specialized _____ within sinusoidal lining that are derived from regular monocytes
macrophages
38
kupffer cells _______ aged RBC from hepatic circulation
phagocytose
39
hepatic stellate cells also known as...
Ito Cells
40
hepatic stellate cells the "____ ___" of the liver
storage cells
41
where are hepatic stellate cells found?
space of disse
42
hepatic stellate cells store ___ & __________
fat & fat soluble vitamines (like Vit A - retinol)
43
80-90% of body's retinoids are stored as fat droplets of _____ ____
retinyl ester
*hepatic stellate cells
44
hepatic stellate cells are responsible for replacing damaged _____ with collagenous scar tissue
What is this called?
Responsible for replacing damaged hepatocytes with collagenous scar tissue
process known as hepatofibrosis
45
hepatic lobule contains the...(3)
central vein
portal triad (hepatic artery, portal venule, biliary dectule)
sinusoids
46
what is in the portal triad?
hepatic artery
portal venule
biliary ductule
47
48
49
glucose metabolism is called
gluconeogenesis
sugar to glucose
50
glucose storage: sugar is stored as ____
glycogen
51
need flashcards for nutrioent metabolism
???? slide28
52
HMG-CoA Reductase
cholesterol synthesis
53
cholesterol synthesis mainly occurs in the ___
liver
54
cholesterol synthesis is made from ______
acetyl-CoA
55
urea cycle
56
urea cycle: what makes carbamoyl phosphate?
ATP
NH4+
CO2
57
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
58
what are some factors that cause hepatitis?
Fatty liver disease (Non-Alcoholic)
Infections: Bacterial, Fungal, Viral- Hep A, B, C, D, E
Autoimmune Disorders
Genetic Diseases
Chemical Agents
Alcohol
Toxins
AST and ALT
59
steatosis
abnormal retention of fat in the cells of an organ
60
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is in people with:
Type II Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high triglycerides)
Obesity
61
alcoholic fatty liver disease is a reduced form of ______ and promotes the synthesis of _____
reduced form of NADH
synthesis of fatty acids
62
liver fibrosis
excess extracellular matrix proteins (including collagen)
large collection of collagen-rich tissue
63
can liver fibrosis be reversed?
yes
it can be reversed
64
liver cirrhosis symptoms
bleeding problems
jaundice
swelling of lower extremities
fluid accumulation in the abdomen
nausea
fatigue
confusion
slurred speech
65
most common form of liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma
66
liver cancer is most commonly caused by:
large amounts of alcohol consumption
fatty liver damage
Hep B and C infections
67
68
69
70
71
72
Hepatitis viral examples
Hep A
Hep B
Hep C
Hep D & E
73
what is the most common type of hepatitis?
viral hepatitis
74
transmission of hep B virus
blood, semen, bodily fluids
can survive outside the body
can be transferred from mother to newborn
symp: abdominal pain, dark urine, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movement s
75
Liver hepatitis: Hep C transmissions ****
blood clotting factor concentrates made before 1987
blood transfusion or solid organ transplants 1992
chronic hemodialysis patients
secondary result of HIV infection
mother to newborn
76
Stigma: viral infection is caused by IV drugs
Hep C
it is not only due to IV drugs. here are examples
blood clotting factor concentrates made before 1987
blood transfusion or solid organ transplants 1992
chronic hemodialysis patients
secondary result of HIV infection
mother to newborn
77
hepatitis: Hep D needs ____ to work
Hep B
78
Hepatitis: Hep E is ___-____
self-limiting
79
genetic/inherited disorders of liver
hemochromatosis (iron overload)
Wilson's Disease (copper excretion deficiency)
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency (unable to fight infections, controls neutrophil elastase which helps body fight infections)
80
types of jaundice
bilirubin (normal)
pre-hepatic/hemolytic (RBCs broken down faster)
hepatocellular (distribution of metabolism and/or excretion of bilirubin)
81
Wilson's disease symptoms?????
82
bile production ca be up to ____mL/day
1000
83
what is in bile?
cholic acid
salts
electrolytes
cholesterol
fatty acids
bilirubin
84
bile production aids in the digestion of ______ (3)
cholesterol
fats
fat-soluble vitamins
85
where does bile production occur?
inside liver cell
86
bile production flows ___ of venous blood
opposite
87
bile canaliculi
88
path of bile in words
hepatocytes make bile that go through bile canaliculi and travel through the canals of hearing to the bile ductules of the portal triad. then goes through bile ductules and collects in R/L hepatic ducts and through the common hepatic duct and is stored (concentrated) in the gallbladder
89
gallbladder anatomy
90
gallbladder blood supply
cystic artery
cystic veins
91
gallbladder: food entering the GI tract stimulates the release of ______. then what?
cholecystokinin
then, the gallbladder contracts and bile enters the duodenum
92
gall stones
collection of precipitated bile components in gallbladder
93
pancreas anatomy
94
uncinate process of pancreas
95
pancreatic duct system
96
accessory pancreatic duct
major duodenal papilla (duodenum)
97
pancreatic arterial supply
98
endocrine functions of the pancreas
Regulating blood sugar
Secrete insulin
Secrete glucagon
Secrete Somatostatin
Pancreatic peptide
99
exocrine functions of pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juices into the duodenum
--Bicarbonate
--Digestive enzymes
100
pancreatic islets
Alpha- produce Glucagon.
Beta- Are sensitive to glucose concentrations in the blood. When glucose level is high, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood . When blood glucose levels are low, secretion of insulin is inhibited.
Delta- Somatostatin
Epsilon- Ghrelin is known as the ”hunger hormone.”
Gamma- Pancreatic peptides are peptide hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.
101
pancreatic islets: alpha
Alpha- produce Glucagon.
Glucagon is primarily responsible for promoting the release of glucose and fatty acids into the bloodstream. It is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.
The processes it promotes are both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which are processes that differ in the manner they introduce glucose into the blood.
102
pancreatic islets: beta
Beta- Are sensitive to glucose concentrations in the blood.
When glucose level is high, beta cells secrete insulin into the blood . When blood glucose levels are low, secretion of insulin is inhibited.
Insulin is considered the main anabolic hormone of the body. Once absorbed into these tissues, the glucose is either converted into glycogen via glycogenesis, or converted into fats via lipogenesis.
103
pancreatic islets: Delta
Delta- Somatostatin
104
pancreatic islets: epsilon
Epsilon - Ghreli
"hunger hormone"
105
pancreatic islets: gamma
Gamma- Pancreatic peptides are peptide hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.
