Epilepsy

Question 1

types of syncope

Answer 1

reflex
orthostaic
cardiogenic

Question 2

reflex synpe

Answer 2

due to cough
or meidcal situation such as taking blood

Question 3

orthostatic syncope

Answer 3

due to dehydraiont, medicaito related
endocrine, autonomic nervous system

Question 4

cardiogenic related syncope

Answer 4

arrhythrmia, aortic stenosis

Question 5

why can syncope look like a seizure

Answer 5

as there can be jerks

Question 6

what assemsnt shoul dbe done for syncpe

Answer 6

heart souns, pulse
postula bp, ecg for heart block adn qt ratio
bloods
24 hour ecg may be needed

Question 7

what are after a cardiogne syncpe

Answer 7

chest pai, palpitations, sob, thye feel clammy and seaty

Question 8

epilepsy

Answer 8

recurrent unprovoked seizures

Question 9

cardiac cuase of syncpe

Answer 9

Arrhythmias
Valvular heart disease
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Question 10

signs of syncpe

Answer 10

Hot or clammy
Sweaty
Heavy
Dizzy or lightheaded
Vision going blurry or dark
Headache

Question 11

pathophysiology of epilepsy

Answer 11

syncrondous disrcharge in the cortical neurons

Question 12

what happesns if ther is to much excitement in epilepsy

Answer 12

this happens as a reuslt of glutamate recptors
and ion channels across it
with exiteror amino acids release

Question 13

what stucure is responsible for too little inhibition in epilepsy

Answer 13

gaba

Question 14

what are the types of things that can cause damage neruons leading to epilepsy

Answer 14

stroke/ tumour/ trama

Question 15

what factors can make seizures more likel

Answer 15

missing medications
sleep distubances
fatique
hormonal changes
drug/ alchol use
stress / anxiety
photosensitive in small groups of patients

Question 16

what are the the types of sezireuse

Answer 16

generaliezed or focal seizures

Question 17

what are the types of pimary genilaed seizuers

Answer 17

absence seizue
generalised tonic clonic seizures
myoclonic seizures
juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
atonic seizures

Question 18

what happens in the first stage of a tonic clinic seizure

Answer 18

All the muscles stiffen.
Air being forced past the vocal cords causes a cry or groan.
The person loses consciousness and falls to the floor.
A person may bite their tongue or inside of their cheek. If this happens, saliva may look a bit bloody.

Question 19

second stage of a tonic clonic seizure

Answer 19

The arms and usually the legs begin to jerk rapidly and rhythmically, bending and relaxing at the elbows, hips, and knees.
After a few minutes, the jerking slows and stops.

Question 20

when to go to hospital for seizures

Answer 20

first one
if seizure lasts more than 5 min
if more than 3 seizures in a row without the person coming round

Question 21

what are myotonic seizures

Answer 21

breif jerking of a musles in the hand or legs

Question 22

what is juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Answer 22

genetic assoicated khave mulitple myochonc jerks

Question 23

what are atomic seizures

Answer 23

sudden loss of musle control and temporly los of conciousness

Question 24

types of focal seizures

Answer 24

focla seizures with retained awareness, losss of awareness, focal seizrues to bilater ocnsulve seizures - this is secondary general , localisation of onset seizures

Question 25

what are some key chartericses of primary generalised seizuers

Answer 25

have no warning prior to onset the person may have a history of absence or myolocic jerks there is a generalised abnormality on eegs may have a family histy

Question 26

what are some symtoms after a geneerlaisd tonic seizuers

Answer 26

lateal tonge bites irratibly afterwords may hae had a vague warning muscle pain may first remember where they are when they are in the ambulance

Question 27

causes of toniccolic seizures

Answer 27

meningitis, complications at birth, feb convultion, trauma, brain injuries

Question 28

what happens to eyes during tonic clonic seizures

Answer 28

staring/ roll back

Question 29

what are the general things in a focal/ partial seizure

Answer 29

may get aura they can happen at any age can lead to a secondary generalised seizure may be a focal abnormality on the eeg MRI may show the cuase

Question 30

what is a temporal lobe seizure

Answer 30

a focal sezirue with loss of awarnes

Question 31

what often precedes a temporal lobe seizure

Answer 31

a rising feeling in stomach funny smell / taste deja vu

Question 32

what is seen for a winess fo a tmperal siezures

Answer 32

arrests in actiivty stares blankley into space lip smacking repetive picking at clothes

Question 33

what is a frontal lobe seizure

Answer 33

a focal seziures

Question 34

what do witnesses see in frontal lobe seizures

Answer 34

the person is alert, with facial/ limb jerking

Question 35

when do frontal lobe seizures normally occur

Answer 35

nocturnally

Question 36

how long do fronal lobe seizure last

Answer 36

about 30 s

Question 37

what is the clincal assesment for a seizure

Answer 37

ecg, bloods and ct and mri maybere for nero glicn also eeg

Question 38

how long are epilepts preventsed from driving

Answer 38

6 - months is just 1 seizure 12 months if they are diagnosed with epilepsy

Question 39

what speciale investgion for seizures

Answer 39

video telemetry - if uncertain about diagnoiss eeg mri

Question 40

first line tremat for epilepsy that last more than 5 min

Answer 40

lorazepan, midaloam

Question 41

second line treatme for status elipeicus - seizrues that last more than 5 min

Answer 41

valproate, levetiracetam, phenytoin

Question 42

first line treatemet for piramy genalsisd sizures

Answer 42

sodium valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine

Question 43

first line treatemt for focal seizures

Answer 43

lamotrigine, cabamazepine, leeticamet,

Question 44

side effects of sodum valproate

Answer 44

tremor, weight gain, ataxia, nausea, drowesies, hepatisi, bone marrow sprpesion, drug induced parkinsons

Question 45

side effects for carbamezpine

Answer 45

ataxia, drowsinses, nystagmsu, blurred vision, low serum sodium lelves, skin rash

Question 46

side effects of levetiracetam

Answer 46

irratibilty, depression

Question 47

what is status epilepticus

Answer 47

prolonged seizures that last 10 min or more with no recovery period between seizures

Question 48

where does status epilepsy norlly occr in

Answer 48

those people who have not had epilepsy before

Question 49

treatmet for statu epilpes

Answer 49

protect air way and give 10% glucose via iv, and then lorapan if failure - iv levetriacetam or iv valproate

Question 50

what difertns pseudoseures and seizues

Answer 50

they can recall waht happens udring event and what people siad

Question 51

what do witnes see in spudeo seiur

Answer 51

pelviec thrus, astycogous movemts such as tremoturs

Question 52

what is best tests or pseudoseizuer

Answer 52

eeg