Infections of the cns

Question 1

what is meningitis

Answer 1

inflamation of the meninges

Question 2

what is encephalitis

Answer 2

inflamation of the brain substance

Question 3

what is myelitis

Answer 3

inflamation of the spinal cord

Question 4

triad of menigitis

Answer 4

fever, neck stifness, altered mental state

Question 5

symptooms of meningitis

Answer 5

fever
meningism - neck stifness, photophobia, nausea and vommmiting

Question 6

what is the gcs often in menifnitis

Answer 6

less thgan 14

Question 7

what is the type of rash in meningitis

Answer 7

petechgial skin rahs

Question 8

test for menigits rash

Answer 8

tumblers test

Question 9

commonest cuases of meningitis bacteria

Answer 9

neisseria meningitidis
streptococcus pneumoniea

Question 10

how does encephlaitis look like in the beginin

Answer 10

like a flu like illess for 4- 10 dyas

Question 11

what is the sympoms of encephalsits

Answer 11

headache, fever
cerebral dysfuction including confusion, abnormal behaviour, memory disturbance, depressed conscious level
seizures
focal symptons/ signs

Question 12

what is autoimune encephaliists types

Answer 12

anti vgkc (voltage gated potassium channels) and anti nmda receptor

Question 13

what is the frequect presnsiton of autoimmune encephalitis anti vgkc

Answer 13

seizures, ammesia anterograde, altered mental state

Question 14

what are the features of antimdna recport enecephalgis

Answer 14

flue like prodome
psychicatic feautes
altered memntal state
seizures
movement disorder
coma

Question 15

what to do for investigatins in mengingitis

Answer 15

blood cultures
lumbar punctures
often immating is not required

Question 16

what is the investigation of encephaltisi

Answer 16

blood cultures
imagaing - ct and mri
lumbar pucnture
eeg

Question 17

differne in main type of cell seen in viral and bactrail memningits

Answer 17

viral minly lymphocytes, bacterial mainly neutorphils

Question 18

how to test for herpes simplex encephalits

Answer 18

pcr of csf fluid

Question 19

what is the treatment for heperes simplex encephlis

Answer 19

aciclovir

Question 20

when should you start htreatemetn for brain infections

Answer 20

straight away on clincial suspicsion, do not wait for tests to return

Question 21

first treatemtnet for suspected bacteiral memnigtis

Answer 21

iv ceftiaxone

Question 22

where is type 1 and type 2 herpes mainly found

Answer 22

type 1 - cold sores
type 2 and type 1 - gentila

Question 23

when does encephaltis occur after hsv

Answer 23

as a later post latent infection

Question 24

what type of hsv caues encepalitis

Answer 24

type 1

Question 25

where does the hsv lay reminatn

Answer 25

in the trigermial or sacal gangilon

Question 26

how are nterovirus spread

Answer 26

by feacal oral route

Question 27

sub brances of enterovirus

Answer 27

poliovirus, coxsakieveirus, echovirus

Question 28

what is an arbovirus encephalitsi

Answer 28

a virus that is taken to a human by a vector such as a tick, or mosquito

Question 29

what to ask abouot in arbovrius

Answer 29

travell

Question 30

what is a brain abces

Answer 30

pus in the brain

Question 31

clinical features of a brain abcess

Answer 31

fever, headache, seizures, dyphagia and hemiparesis

Question 32

sings of incrased intrcial pressure

Answer 32

false localising sings depressed level of concious papilloedema

Question 33

causes of brain abcess

Answer 33

penetraing head injry spred from another infection site such as a dentla infection blood born infection neurological procedular

Question 34

how to dianosi brian abcess

Answer 34

ct/mri invesigate source blood cultures biopsy

Question 35

brain abcess most common type of organism

Answer 35

lots most common - streptococci - strep angiosus, strep intermediu, strep constellauts

Question 36

management of brain abcess

Answer 36

surgical drainage penicllin or ceftriaxone metrodiazole for anaerobes cultrures

Question 37

what cna hiv cuaes in the rbian

Answer 37

cerebral toxoplasmosisi aseptic meningits encephalis primary cerebal lymphoma cerebral abcess cryptocollal menigits dementia leucoencephalopy

Question 38

diagnosis for hiv brian conditoins

Answer 38

cyrptocall antigen cmv pcr hiv pcr cmv pcr

Question 39

what type of spirochate is lyme disease

Answer 39

borrelia burgdoferi

Question 40

what type of spirocheates is syphillis and leptospiroslsi

Answer 40

trepomena pallidum - syphills leptospinarosi - leptrospinara interrograns

Question 41

how is lyme disase spread

Answer 41

via ticks

Question 42

what systems does lyme diseease effect

Answer 42

skin, rhematologica, nuerolgoica, cardiac and opthalamogical

Question 43

stadge 1 of lyme disease

Answer 43

locilized infection rash at site of tick flu like symponts - fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, headahce, fever, chills, neck stiffness

Question 44

when does stage 2 of lyme disease occur

Answer 44

weeks to months

Question 45

what is seen ins stage 2 of lyme disease

Answer 45

spreds through blood or lympahtics msuclskesl and nruolgica inflvemet leads to mononeruopahy mononeurotisi painful radiculopnary crail neruopaty myeltisi meningo cephaltis

Question 46

what is seen in stage 3 lyme disease

Answer 46

musclo skelsta and neurologic invovels , subacute encephalopay encephalomyeleits

Question 47

when dose stage 3 of lyme disease cocur

Answer 47

after months to year and after a period of latency

Question 48

investigation for lyme disease

Answer 48

serologicl tesing csf lymphocytois mri brian nerve condtin sudyts

Question 49

treatment for lyme disease

Answer 49

oral doscyclyine

Question 50

what are the tests for neurosycs

Answer 50

trepome and non trepomeal speicci antibody test

Question 51

treatmetn for neruosyspsh

Answer 51

high dose penicillin

Question 52

what type of virus is poli

Answer 52

enteeroveirus - meaing spread through fecal oral route

Question 53

what happens in the majortiy and minor of polio infection

Answer 53

majory are asymptomatic minority cause anteriro horn cell of lower motor neurons and lead to flaccid para

Question 54

why was poloi vaccine switch from oral to injection route

Answer 54

as it was possible to get polio from oral route and indigeos poli was irradiated it also iclcued other antigens

Question 55

how does rabies virus spread to the body

Answer 55

from peripharl nerves to central nerves

Question 56

diagnoss of rabies

Answer 56

pcr and serolgy

Question 57

where is rabies mainly form in the uk

Answer 57

bats

Question 58

who gets immunisationform rabies

Answer 58

bat handles, reguarl handler of importna animals people who trale form enzootic areas

Question 59

how to treat rabies after possible exposure

Answer 59

wash wound give active rabeis immusion give human rabies immunoglobing

Question 60

what infection cuaes teatun

Answer 60

clostidium tetani

Question 61

how does tetatuns bactiea cuase tatis

Answer 61

it produes sport and work on neruomuslar juciotn which inhibit the transition of neruons

Question 62

how to prevent tetanus

Answer 62

immunisation give combied with antige give penicli and immoglob for high risk paietisn

Question 63

who mainly gets botlusim

Answer 63

ivdu

Question 64

what is botulim taype of bactier

Answer 64

clostriduim botlinum

Question 65

how does botulism work

Answer 65

binds to presynaptic memarne of perpial neruomasal and auntomic nerves junctions, this is irreversible

Question 66

presenation of botulism

Answer 66

flaccid parayliss pure motor respirator failure autonomic dyficion

Question 67

diagnosis for botulism

Answer 67

nerve conduction studies mouse neutralistion bioassys for toxins in blood culture for debried wound

Question 68

treatment for botulism

Answer 68

anti toxin, penicllin, radical wound debridment

Question 69

what is prion disease

Answer 69

a disea spread via bactier and have misforled protiens

Question 70

types of prion disease

Answer 70

sporraidc, new varient, familar , aqueired

Question 71

what is the clical freautes of sporadic cjd

Answer 71

dementia myoclonus cerebellar ataxia extraparymai - treamor rigigid, bradykinsae, dystonia prymal , ewakens, spacisy, higper relex sezireus

Question 72

what is new varie cjd associed with

Answer 72

bovine spongifor encepahtliss

Question 73

how to invest cjd

Answer 73

mri - for pulvinar sign eeg - csf - for rasie dproien

Question 74

passive vs avtice immuination

Answer 74

avtie is logner lasting active is though vaccivenatio passive is though inntoration of antiboidsse