EPITHELIAL DEFECTS+DISEASE

Question 1

how are epithelium exposed to the environment?

Answer 1

skin

Question 2

where are epithelium found?

Answer 2

Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Reproductive system
Circulatory system
Urinary system
Glands

Question 3

what are pathologists?

Answer 3

Physicians - study of disease processes – diagnosis rather than treatment

Question 4

what do disease processes do?

Answer 4

affect the histological organisation of tissues & organs – biopsy

Question 5

what are squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 5

atypical squamous cells

Question 6

what is a response to injury?

Answer 6

inflammation
Kills cells, damage fibres, injures tissue
Necrosis

Question 7

what does inflammation cause?

Answer 7

impact, abrasion, distortion, chemical irritation, extreme temperature – infection –pathogenic organisms

Question 8

what is necrosis?

Answer 8

tissue degeneration (lysosomal enzymes), dead/dying cells, debris, fluid, necrotic tissue components (pus)

Question 9

what is the effect of age on tissue repair?

Answer 9

Tissues change with age & speed/ effectiveness of tissue repair decreases
Structure & chemical composition many tissues effected e.g. epithelia get thinner
Cancer rates increase with age

Question 10

what are the most common cancers in women?

Answer 10

breast, ling, colorectal

Question 11

what are the most common cancers amongst men?

Answer 11

prostate, lung, colorectal

Question 12

what does ageing affect?

Answer 12

cell degeneration, number of cell divisions, DNA repair, free radical damage

Question 13

what is dysplasia?

Answer 13

enlargement of an organ/tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type

Question 14

when does dysplasia usually occur?

Answer 14

Most frequently arises in epithelial tissues subjected to chronic irritation

Question 15

what does dysplasia cause?

Answer 15

Cells exhibit high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
Increase number of cell mitoses
Leads to neoplasm - malignancy

Question 16

where does dysplasia progress?

Answer 16

squamous epithelium, epidermis, colonic mucosa, gastric mucosa, resp epithelium

Question 17

what is metaplasia?

Answer 17

Tissue adapts to environmental stimuli by change in cell differentiation
Abnormal change in the nature of a tissue

Question 18

what cells differentiate into in metaplasia?

Answer 18

into a new, mature, stable type of cell better equipped to withstand particular environmental stress

Question 19

where does metaplasia most commonly occur?

Answer 19

in epithelial tissue

Question 20

give examples of metaplasia

Answer 20

bronchi, cervix, bladder

Question 21

what is neoplasm?

Answer 21

Permanent alteration of normal cellular growth pattern – transformed cells

Question 22

what does neoplasm cause?

Answer 22

Proliferate excessively in poorly regulated manner – lump – neoplasm “new growth”

Question 23

what are the 2 types of neoplasm?

Answer 23

Benign (good prognosis)

Malignant (fatal)

Question 24

what does a neoplasm lump also known as?

Answer 24

tumour

Question 25

what happens in malignant neoplasms?

Answer 25

Cell growth so abnormal – cells can grow into adjacent local tissues – invasion

Question 26

what do malignant neoplasm cause?

Answer 26

tissue – damage & destruction

Question 27

what happens to cells in malignant neoplasm?

Answer 27

Cells can become detached, move to another part of body or | grow as separate secondary tumour

Question 28

what is the growth of a separate secondary tumour called?

Answer 28

metastasis

Question 29

what are benign tumours?

Answer 29

differentiation closely resembles cells of origin

Question 30

what are malignant tumours?

Answer 30

variable degrees of differentiation

Question 31

what are the different types of malignant tumours?

Answer 31

Well-differentiated, Poorly differentiated, Anaplastic

Question 32

what is the epithelial origin of benign neoplasm?

Answer 32

solid & surface epithelium – adenoma

Question 33

what is the epithelial origin of malignant neoplasm?

Answer 33

carcinoma | glandular epithelium – adenocarcinoma

Question 34

is dysplasia reversible or irreversible?

Answer 34

reversible

Question 35

what are the histological changes caused by dysplasia?

Answer 35

Change in normal shape, size & organisation of tissue cells

Question 36

is metaplasia reversible or irreversible?

Answer 36

reversible

Question 37

what are the histological changes caused by metaplasia?

Answer 37

``` Structural change Epithelial cells lose cilia altogether New cells (stem cells) no longer differentiate into ciliated, columnar epithelial cells ```

Question 38

is anaplasia reversible or irreversible?

Answer 38

irreversible

Question 39

what are the histological changes caused by anaplasia?

Answer 39

Tissue organisation breaks down Cells change size & shape and become unusually large or small Tumour cell – lung cancer

Question 40

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 40

Thickening & inelasticity of artery walls

Question 41

what does the pathogenesis of atheroma cause?

Answer 41

damage to endothelium – allows LDLs into the intimate –"fatty streak"

Question 42

what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis?

Answer 42

age, sex, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking

Question 43

what is the skin?

Answer 43

Large complex organ – exposed to more damaging agents than any other tissue

Question 44

what is non-specific dermatitis also known as?

Answer 44

eczema

Question 45

what does eczema cause?

Answer 45

Skin- red, itchy, tender – tiny blisters – vesicles form in epidermis

Question 46

what happens to vesicles in eczema?

Answer 46

Vesicles erupt - clear, yellow fluid, crusts over | Vesicles due to fluid accumulation between epidermal cells

Question 47

what is chronic dermatitis?

Answer 47

Repeated trauma - thickened skin, cracked, covered by thick opaque scale

Question 48

what is the opaque scale thickened by?

Answer 48

by layer surface keratin – overlies epidermis

Question 49

what is the epidermis thickened by?

Answer 49

by increase in cells in various layers