INTRO TO ANATOMY+PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards by humaira afzal

define anatomy

science of structure

relationships revealed by dissection

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define physiology

science of body functions

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name the subdivision of anatomy

microscopic and macroscopic anatomy

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give examples of microscopic anatomy

Cytology

Histology

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give examples of macroscopic anatomy

Embryology
Developmental
Pathological
Radiographic
Systemic vs Regional
Surface
Surgical

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give examples of subdivisions of physiology

Cell, Systems, Pathophysiology, Exercise, Neurophysiology, Reproductive, Endocrinology, Cardiovascular, Immunophysiology, Respiratory, Renal

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define palpation

examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

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give an example of palpation

pulse and heart rate determination

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define auscultation

examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs

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give an example of auscultation

listening to the lungs or heart with a stethoscope

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define percussion

examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo

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give an example of percussion

looking for masses (dull sound) or air (tympanic or hyper-resonant)

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what is the prone position?

If the body is lying face down

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what is the supine position?

If the body is lying face up

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what is the cephalic region?

head

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what is the thoracic region?

chest

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what is the abdominal region?

abdomen

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what is the pelvic region?

pelvis

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what is the cranial region?

skull

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what is the brachial region?

arm

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what is the patellar region?

knee cap

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what is the gluteal region?

relating to gluteal muscles, buttock

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what is the lumbar region?

loin

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what is the axially region?

armpit

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what is the palmer region?

palm

what is the plantar region?

foot/sole

what is the femoral region?

thigh

what is the popliteal region?

back of the knee

what is the antecubital region?

front of the elbow

what is the olecranal region?

back of the elbow

what is the sacral region?

bottom of the spine

what is the scapular region?

shoulder blade

what is the acromial region?

shoulder

what is the crural region?

leg

what is the carpal region?

wrist

what is the rural region?

calf

define medial

towards the middle

define lateral

away from the midline

define superior

towards the head

define inferior

towards the feet

define anterior

towards the front

define posterior

towards the back

define dorsal

posterior

define ventral

define rostral

towards the face/beak/eyes | top+spinal cord

define caudal

posterior part of brain

define proximal

towards the joint

define distal

away from the joint

define superficial

close to the skin

define deep

away from the skin, internal surfaces

define contralateral

opposite side of the body

define ipsilateral

same side of the body

define sagittal

vertical plane

define midsagittal/median

divides equal R+L sides of the body

define frontal/coronal

thought the side, front and back plane

define transverse

horizontal plane

define oblique

at a slant

what are body cavities?

spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

what is the dorsal cavity lined by?

meninges

what is the cranial cavity formed by and contain?

formed by skull and contains brain

what is the vertebral cavity formed by and contain?

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord

what is the pleural cavity lined by?

pleura and peritoneum

what are the 3 ventral cavities?

thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

what is the function of the mediastinum?

divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities

what does the pleural cavity enclose?

the lungs

what does the pericardial cavity surround?

the heart

what does the mediastinum contain?

all the thoracic viscera except the lungs

what is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?

the superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity

what does the viscera of the abdominal cavity include?

stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine,most of the large intestine

what does the viscera of the pelvic cavity include?

urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine and internal f + m reproductive structures

what is medical imaging?

Specialised branch of anatomy and physiology essential for the diagnosis of many disorders

what is the function of medical imaging?

to view inside the body to observe whether anatomy is present in order to diagnose disease

what is conventional radiography?

A single burst of x-rays

what kind of image is produced by conventional radiography?

Produces 2-D image on film | Poor resolution of soft tissues

what is the major use of conventional radiography?

use in osteology

give examples of conventional radiography?

Chest x-ray (CXR) | Abdominal x-ray (AXR)

what is Computed Tomography (CT Scan)?

moving x-ray beam

what image is produced by CT scan?

Image produced video monitor of a cross-section through body

what is an advantage of CT scan?

reveals more soft tissue detail

what kind of image is given by CT scan?

Multiple scans used to build 3D views

what is Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)?

Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels

what is removed in a DSA?

Distracting structures removed by subtracting pre-contrast image from contrast image

what does a DSA show?

Image of blood vessels is shown on a monitor

what is Ultrasound Scan (USS)?

High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device

what is advantages of USS?

Safe, noninvasive & painless

what is a sonogram displayed on?

video monitor

what is USS used for?

foetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

what is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field

how does MRI scan work?

Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field | Pulse of radiowaves are used to create a video image

when should MRI not be used?

Do not use on patients with metal in their body

what is an advantage of MRI scan?

Reveals fine detail within soft tissues

what is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan?

Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected

how does a PET scan work?

Collision with -vely charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays Camera detects rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor

INTRO TO ANATOMY+PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

(93 cards)