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2. Anatomy > Equine Abdomen > Flashcards

Equine Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical significance of deep fascia

A

Must be sutured after surgery (holding layer)
2 surgical approaches: paralumbar fossa and flank incision

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2
Q

Paralumbar fossa location

A

Done on the right side
Cr. To tuber coxae
Cd. To las rib
Ven to transverse processes of lumbar vertebra

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3
Q

What is paralumbar fossa used for?

A

To deflate the cecum when the horse has cecal tympani
Using Trocar cannula (stab with trocar, leave cannula in)

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4
Q

Flank incision

A

Done on both sides (usually the right)
Used for ovariectomy and loop colostomy (take part of the colon and attach to skin)

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5
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis

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6
Q

External abdominal oblique

A

O: lat surface of the ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia
I: tuber coxae and pelvic tendon
Runs caudal ventral

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7
Q

Heaves

A

Seen in older, emaciated, chronic obstruction pulmonary diseased (COPD) horses
Musculo-tendonous junction becomes hypertrophic and prominent

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8
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

O: Tuber coxae and pelvic tendon
I: last rib, costal cartilages, linea alba, prepubic tendon
Runs cranial ventral

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9
Q

What happens when the IAO and EAO cross?

A

They create the inguinal area (canal)

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10
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

Inside the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Inguinal/ Scrotal hernia

A

When IAO and EAO contract, inguinal canal will open up
Small intestine will go through the space causing colic entrapment

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12
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

O: last ribs and lumbar vertebrae
I: linea alba

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13
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

O: 4th-9th costal cartilages and sternum
I: Prepubic tendon and accessory ligament

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14
Q

What will you cut during a surgical incision?

A

Skin and Linea alba
don’t cut the muscles

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15
Q

What the clinical significance of the left kidney?

A

Left kidney is more caudal than the right
Edge is rectally palpable

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16
Q

Nephral-splenic ligament

A

Connects the spleen and the left kidney
CS: potential area for intestinal entrapment/ colic (pelvic flexure)

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17
Q

Where is the stomach and duodenum located?

A

On the ventral midline slightly to the left
On the right (1 m long)

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18
Q

What abdominal structures are seen on the right?

A

Liver
Cecum
R. ventral and dorsal colon

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19
Q

What abdominal structures are seen on the left?

A

L. kidney
Spleen
L. ventral and dorsal colon

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20
Q

What is the order of the GI tract?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Duodenum
  4. Jejunum
  5. Ileum
  6. Cecum
  7. Right Ventral colon
  8. Left ventral colon
  9. Pelvic Flexure
  10. Left dorsal colon
  11. Right dorsal colon
  12. Transverse colon
  13. Small colon
  14. Rectum
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21
Q

Esophagus CS

A

No holding layer
No serosa (only adventitia)
On dorsal aspect of trachea, cranial half of neck it deviates

22
Q

What is the location and the two parts of the stomach?

A

Ventral midline slightly to the left
Glandular and non-glandular

23
Q

Margo Plicatus

A

Separates the glandular and non-glandular stomach
Line where parasites and ulcers form

24
Q

What parasites are seen in the stomach?

A

Gasterophillus species

25
Q

What are the 3 muscles layers of the stomach?

A

Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Oblique
They mix and breakdown food particles

26
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Junction @ the 11th ICS
Acute angle that makes it difficult fo contents to go in the opposite direction

27
Q

How do you pass an endoscope/ nasogastric tube to the stomach?

A
  1. Block the false nostril
    2.Measure the endoscope with the 11th ICS
  2. Pass tube into the ventral nasal meatus (don’t hit the ethmoidal conchae)
  3. Watch the left hand side of the neck because the esophagus deviates on left side of neck
  4. Tap the tube on the endoscope gently
  5. Twist the tube and pass the junction causing the horse to swallow (like he’s eating something) @ 11th ICS
28
Q

Pacemaker

A

Aggregation of enteric neurons that form a plexus
Generates electrical activity on its own
In pelvic flexure and stomach

29
Q

Duodenum

A

Not palpable unless horse infected with anterior enteritis
On the right, 1 m, smooth
Goes to the root of the mesenteric @ the base of the cecum

30
Q

What structures are within the duodenum?

A

Major papilla (pancreatic secretions)
Minor Papilla (bile secretion)

31
Q

What structure is missing from the horse?

A

Gall Bladder

32
Q

How do you differentiate ventral edema from heaves?

A

Case history (heaves is old, emaciated and COPD)
Edema can happen in any age

33
Q

Jejunum

A

Coiled, small diameter, long, wide mensentery
CS: incarceration, herniation and volvulus

34
Q

Volvulus

A

Necrosis (black, darkening tissue), Jejunum twists on itself
Close BVs (cut and tie) –> remove intestine without blood supply –> tie the live organs together

35
Q

What is the band teniae formula?

A

4441322 (goes in order of the large intestine)

36
Q

Which structures of the large intestine have no sacculation?

A

Left dorsal colon and transverse colon

37
Q

What are the anatomical factors that cause colic?

A

Free moving intestine (jejunum)
Acute reductions in diameter
Wide mesentery
Natural openings

38
Q

What are the natural openings on the GI tract that cause colic?

A

Nephro-splenic (l. dorsal colon and pelvic flexure entrapped)
Epiploic foramen (jejunum)
Inguinal area (Jejunum)

39
Q

Acute reductions in the large intestine

A

Pelvic flexure
Cecal colic junction
Right dorsal colon and transverse colon

40
Q

Colon displacement

A

Freely moving large intestines (left ventral and dorsal colon) not sacculated so it turning on it’s longitudinal axis

41
Q

Epiglottic foramen borders (Rectal palpation)

A

Dor: caudate process of liver, vena cava
Ven: right lobe of the pancreas, portal vein
Cr: hepatoduodenal ligament

42
Q

What are the non-anatomical predisposing factors that causes colic?

A

Lipoma (older/ fat horses, pedunculated)
Enteroliths (more compact sand)
Parasites (equinas, adventitious, vulgaris block cranial mesenteric artery)
Sand

43
Q

How do you diagnose colic?

A

Complete history/ signs (unhappy, head pressing, sweating, kicking, bucking)
Complete PE
Complete Colic Workout

44
Q

What is the complete colic workout?

A

Abdominal auscultation
Gastric Reflux
Abdominocentesis
Rectal Palpation
Radiology and Ultrasound

45
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Abdominal tap (collecting abdominal fluid)
10 cm caudal to the zyphoid cartilage on the ventral midline

46
Q

Rectal palpation on the left side

A

L. kidney
Edge of the spleen
Nephro-splenic ligament/ area
Pelvic flexure
Small and large colon
If you don’t feel, they’re displaced

47
Q

Rectal palpation on the right side

A

Base of the cecum
Distended duodenum
Root of mesentery (cranial mesenteric artery –> parasite leads to pounding pulse)
Cecocolic arteries

48
Q

Rectal Tears

A

Liability, emergency, location, assess, classification

49
Q

Ventral Midline Celiotomy

A

Going through the skin and the linea alba

50
Q

Perimedian

A

Going through:
Skin
SubQ fat
EAO
IAO
Trasnversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum

51
Q

Pelvic Flexure incision

A

Incision adjacent to the PF because it’s small and when it’s healed it’ll be even smaller
Has pacemaker (cutting the nerves will lead to post surgical ileus, not contracting)

52
Q

Complications of Colic Surgery

A

Suture failure: hernia
Technical failure: adhesions and infection

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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