Ruminants GI Part 2

Question 1

Where is the omasum located?

Answer 1

Right side, 8th to 11th ribs
Between liver and abomasum
Covered by lesser omentum

Question 2

What is the function of the omasum?

Answer 2

Pump to move ingesta from reticulum to abomasum

Question 3

What are the other names for the omasum?

Answer 3

Manypiles or Butcher bible

Question 4

Abomasum

Answer 4

AKA “The Rennet”
Non palpable
Glandular part of the stomach

Question 5

What is the location of the abomasum?

Answer 5

Right, 8-12th ribs
Attached by the lesser or greater omentum
Floor of the abdomen

Question 6

How the the superficial leaf of the omentum run?

Answer 6

1. Left side of abomasum @ left longitudinal groove
2. Goes right @ greater curvature
3. @ descending duodenum it reflect to become the deep leaf
4. Inserts on the right longitudinal of the rumen

Question 7

What is the structure of the abomasum?

Answer 7

Spiral folds mucosa
Torus plyloricus (lump tissue)
Vela abomasica (valve like protusion)

Question 8

Left displaced abomasal

Answer 8

Usually in dairy cows and late pregnancy (low roughage diet)
Most of the displacement cases (85-96%)
Abomasum moves left and is trapped between the rumen and left abdominal wall

Question 9

How do you diagnose LDA?

Answer 9

Simultaneous percussion and auscultation along line between 9th and 13th ribs (left)
Pig sound @ 11th ICS

Question 10

How do you fix LDA?

Answer 10

1. Laprotomy/ Celiotomy on the right cutting EOA, IOA and transverse abdominis muscles
2. Deflate abomasum
3. Pull to og spot
4. Pyloropexy

Question 11

Pyloropexy

Answer 11

Suturing the pyloric part of the abomasum to the transverse abdominis muscle

Question 12

Right Displaced Abomasal

Answer 12

Abomasum moves dorsally to middle of the abdomen
If not resolved it’ll rotate on mesenteric/ longitudinal axis –> volvulus

Question 13

Volvulus

Answer 13

Cuts blood supply and drainage of portal vein

Question 14

What is the order of the ruminant GI tract?

Answer 14

Rumen –> reticulum –> omasum –> abomasum –> pyloric part fo the abomasum –> sigmoid flexure of the duodenum –> descending duodenum –> caudal duodenal flexure –> ascending duodenum (with duodenal colic fold) –> jejunum (with mesenteric LN) –> ileum –> cecum (with ilio cecal fold) –> proximal loop of the ascending colon –> spiral colon (centripetal, central flexure, centrifugal) –> distal loop of the ascending colon –> transverse colon –> small colon

Question 15

Within the duodenum, what structure is absent in small ruminants?

Answer 15

Minor papillae

Question 16

How does the major pancreatic duct drain?

Answer 16

With the bile duct through the major papillae

Question 17

Cutaneous trunci

Answer 17

Innervated by the lateral thoracic nerve (from brachial plexus)
Located on the ventral aspect (not dorsal)
The omobrachialis m. on arm

Question 18

___________ anesthesia with animal standing

Answer 18

Regional

Question 19

What does the aponeurosis of the EAO and IAO form?

Answer 19

External lamina of the rectus sheath

Question 20

Rectus Abdominis

Answer 20

Internal lamina –> external lamina
Formed by the transverse abdominis

Question 21

What do the spinal nerves supply?

Answer 21

Dorsal branches: apaxial muscles
Ventral branches: abdominal muscles

Question 22

Which lumbar nerves aren’t palpable?

Answer 22

L1 and L6

Question 23

What is the difference in the lumbar nerves of dogs and ruminants?

Answer 23

Ruminants don’t have a caudal or cranial iliohypogastric nerve

Question 24

Costoabdominal nerve (T13)

Answer 24

Runs dorsal and ventral to the tip of L1
Innervates the flank

Question 25

Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

Answer 25

Runs dorsal and ventral to the tip to L2 Innervates the flank

Question 26

Ilioinguinal nerve (L2)

Answer 26

Runs dorsal and ventral to the tip of L3 or L4 Innervates the flank

Question 27

Proximal Paravertebral nerve block

Answer 27

Farquharson or Cambridge (expert NB) Performed in intervertebral foramen @ T13, L1 and L2 Blocks everything except the cutaneous trunci

Question 28

Distal paravertebral nerve block

Answer 28

Magda or Cornell (Regular NB) 2 injections: 1 @ dorsal tip and 1 @ ventral tip of the transverse process L1, L2, L4

Question 29

Reverse 7 block (inverted L)

Answer 29

Used for left flank laparotomy Injected in a line along the entire length of the caudal surface of the last rib and extends caudally @ the level of the transverse processes of the vertebrae to the L4-L5 lumbar space

Question 30

Where should the reverse nerve block be placed?

Answer 30

Skin, muscle, and peritoneum

Question 31

7 Block

Answer 31

Used for right flank laparotomy Same as reverse 7 except 7 is formed rather than reverse 7

Question 32

Liver Biopsy

Answer 32

Done on the right @ the 10th, 11th ICS Along border from tuber coxae to olecranon

Question 33

Ruminocentesis

Answer 33

Left in a horizontal line @ the tip of patella Caudoventral to the costochondral junction of last rib Entering the ventral sac