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2. Anatomy > Female Genitalia > Flashcards

Female Genitalia Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the female reproductive system important?

A

Breeding soundness
Rectal palpation
Various diseases

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2
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Roofed by sacrum and first 2 or 3 caudal vertebra
Narrowed caudally

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3
Q

What is the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity protected by?

A

Sacrosciatic ligament

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4
Q

What structures does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Rectum/ anal canal
Bladder/ urethra
Reproductive organs

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5
Q

How are the pelvic inlets different in males and females?

A

F: rounded and wide, outlet smaller than inlet
M: angular and cramped

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6
Q

Rectum

A

Terminal part of the GI tract
Retroperitoneal (outside peritoneal cavity)

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7
Q

How is the rectum located in males and mares

A

M: dorsal to bladder, urethra and accessory repro glands
F: dorsal to uterus and vagina

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8
Q

Urethra

A

Opens into vestibule caudal to the transverse fold of the hymen
Accessible to urethroscopy/ catheterization

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9
Q

Bladder

A

Located rectoperitoneally
Mares: Neck on floor of pelvis, when filled it moves cranial,y

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10
Q

Where is the bladder located in neonates?

A

In the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What is the CS for the bladder

A

Patent urachus/ urine leaking

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12
Q

Recto-Vaginal Tears/ Fistula

A

From dystocia
An heal naturally or be sutured
CS of rectum/ vagina

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13
Q

CS of the urethra opening

A

Locate transverse fold in vestibule
Catheter inserted for urine

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14
Q

Trans- vaginal colpotomy

A

Trans-vaginal approach for ovarioectomy
Bloodless
Ovariectomy for granulosa cell tumor

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15
Q

What are the 7 female reproductive organs?

A
  1. Ovaries (2)
  2. Uterine tubes
  3. Uterine body
  4. Cervix
  5. Vagina
  6. Vestibule
  7. Vulva
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16
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Bean shaped on both sides of the dorsal abdomen, ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebra, caudal to kidneys, cranioventral to iliac wings

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17
Q

The ovaries are suspended with __________

A

Mesovarium

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18
Q

Structure of the ovary

A

Contains a cranial and caudal pole
Attached dorsally, free ventrally
Ovulation fossa on ventral border
Covered by peritoneum

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19
Q

How is the inside of the ovary made up?

A

Medulla: vascular and superficial
Cortex: deep with follicles

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20
Q

What do the follicles do?

A

Reach the surface of the ovary at the ovulation fossa when it’s time for ovulation —> corpus lutetium develops

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21
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produce gametes and hormones

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22
Q

How are ovaries examined?

A

Rectal palpation and ultrasound

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23
Q

During breeding season, which structures should be determine on the ovary?

A

Corpus luteum (doesn’t protrude on surface)
Follicles
Determine the appropriate time for breeding

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24
Q

CS of the ovary

A
  1. Granulosa cell tumor: Mares show stallion-like behavior
  2. Cystic ovary
    Both require ovariectomy
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25
Q

Ovariectomy

A

Removal of ovaries in mares
Through flank incision or trans-vagina incision (good because ovaries are retroperitoneum)

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26
Q

Oviduct

A

20-30 cm in length with infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
Transports oocyte from ovary to the uterine body and site of fertilization

27
Q

What happens to the oviduct during estrus?

A

Isthmus contracts to propel sperm
Oviductal papilla contains uterotubal junction that helps with sperm selection

28
Q

Infundibulum

A

Funnel-shape attached to the lateral surface of the ovary @ the ovulation fossa
Uses fimbriae to move oocyte from ovary to oviduct

29
Q

Ampulla

A

Site of fertilization

30
Q

Isthmus

A

Narrowest portion
Highly muscular, helps transport embryo to uterus

31
Q

Movement if the oocyte

A

Ovary —> infundibulum —> oviduct/ uterine tube —> ampulla —> isthmus

32
Q

What does the isthmus do during estrous?

A

Contracts to propel the spermicide towards the ampulla and the ovum

33
Q

Oviductal papilla

A

Center is uterotubal junction
Helps with selection of sperms making it difficult for poor swimming sperms to pass

34
Q

Uterus

A

Two horns and a body
Suspended in the pelvic cavity by the broad ligament dorsally

35
Q

The broad ligament closest to the uterus is _________

A

Mesometrium

36
Q

Why are the layers of the uterine wall?

A

Serosa: continuous with broad lig
Myometeium: inner circular, outer longitudinal
Endometrium: glandular and secretory

37
Q

When does the myometrium contract?

A

During estrous and parturition
Changes tone during rectal palpation

38
Q

Placenta in equine?

A

Chorioallantoic
Diffuse

39
Q

What is the blood supply of the uterus?

A

Uterine artery/ vein
Uterine branch of the vaginal artery/ vein
Uterine branch of the ovarian artery/ vein
rupture causes hematoma in broad ligament

40
Q

What are the CS of the uterus?

A

Pyometra
Uterine prolapse
Uterine cysts
Uterine lovage (clean/ issue antibiotics)
Dystocia

41
Q

Dystocia

A

Abnormal parturition

42
Q

Pyometra

A

Pus in the uterus
Results from infection

43
Q

Cervix

A

5-7.5 cm long, 2-4 cm wide
Thick and palpable
Elastic fibers allow contraction and expansion

44
Q

Folds in the cervix

A

Only have longitudinal folds that are continuous with the endometrial folds of the body of the uterus

45
Q

What are the functions of the cervix?

A

Lubrication during estrous
Barrier during pregnancy
Production of mucus (plug)

46
Q

Mucus plug during pregnancy

A

Formed to help occlude the cervix
Makes it less permeable to bacteria and foreign objects

47
Q

What happens to the cervix estrous?

A

Cervix flaccid
External os of the cervix lies on the floor of the vagina

48
Q

Vagina (vaginal vault)

A

Tubular, 15-20 cm long
Dorsal to bladder, ventral to the rectum

49
Q

Where is the vagina located

A

Cranially: within peritoneal cavity covered with Serosa
Posterior portion: larger, retroperitoneal
injuries don’t proliferate in peritoneal space

50
Q

Vagina epithelium

A

Stratified squamous (no glands)

51
Q

T/F: the vagina is normally collapsed except during breeding and parturition

A

TRUE

52
Q

Transverse fold

A

On the floor of the vagina
Remnant if the hymen
Lies cranial to the urethral opening

53
Q

What is the CS of the transverse fold?

A

Urine pooling —> treat by Cerclage suture: suturing fold to prevent urine from back flowing to the vagina and vestibule (infections)

54
Q

Vestibule

A

Space from the urethral orifice to the vulva
Glandular and secretes mucous for lubrication

55
Q

Vulva

A

12-15 cm long
5-7 cm ventral to the anus
Dorsal pointed and ventral rounded commissure

56
Q

Wind sucking

A

Change in confirmation in vulva, predisposes to adoration of feces, fluid, foreign material, or air into vagina

57
Q

How do you correct wind sucking?

A

Caslick procedure (vulvopasty)

58
Q

Labia of the vulva

A

Strong muscles that keep vulvar opening closed
Provide barrier against foreign bodies

59
Q

CS of the vulva

A

Wind sucking
Melanoma
Perineal laceration

60
Q

Clitoris

A

Covered with preputial fold
Has clitoral fossa and clitoral sinuses (medial and lateral sinuses)

61
Q

Glans clitoris

A

Exposed when mare in heat
Causing clit to wink or cause movement of the labia

62
Q

What do the sinuses and fossa of the clitoris harbor?

A

Bacteria called Taylorella equigenitalis causing Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

63
Q

Udder

A

Consists of 2 halves each with 1 teat with 2-3 openings

64
Q

Halves of the udder

A

Attached to abdominal wall by Suspensory ligament and supplied by external pudendal artery and vein

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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