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2. Anatomy > Ruminants GI Tract > Flashcards

Ruminants GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does ruminants GIT do?

A

Efficient digestive apparatus to digest high-fiber plant material like cellulose/ hemicellulose (microorgs breakdown)
Fermentative digestion

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2
Q

Ruminare

A

To chew over again

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3
Q

Fermentative Digestion

A

Complex carbs are broken down by microogs into simple molecules –> fermentation vat (large container)

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4
Q

How many microogs are in the GIT?

A

Over 200 species
10% play an important role in digestion

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5
Q

Wha does enteric fermentation produce?

A

Methane (CH4) as an end product, it’s belched/ eructed by the animal –> greenhouse gases

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6
Q

What are the 2 turns on the spiral colon?

A

Centripetal loop (inward)
Centrifugal loop (outward)

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7
Q

Which part of the ruminant stomach is glandular?

A

Abomasum

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8
Q

Connecting peritoneal of the GIT?

A

Omentum suspends the stomach
Mesentery suspends the intestines

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9
Q

What is the main organ of prehension for the cow and small ruminants?

A

Tongue –> indiscriminate eaters
Lips

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10
Q

How much saliva does bovine secrete?

A

100L/ day

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11
Q

Lingual fossa

A

Caudal 1/3 of the tongue, elevated
Transverse groove starts it –> because the mucosal lining is soft its prone to injury and harbors bacteria

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12
Q

Diastema

A

Space between teeth with different functions –> pull tongue through space to look in mouth

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13
Q

Papillae of the tongue

A

Mechanical- conical, filiform papillae
Taste- fungiform and vallate papillae

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14
Q

What are the 5 salivary glands?

A

Buccal SG
Labial
Parotid (well developed)
mandibular (monostomatic and polystomatic)

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15
Q

What are the muscular layers of the stomach called?

A

Grooves (outside)
Pillars (inside)
thickening of the muscularis layers

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16
Q

Esophagus

A

Stratified muscles
Stratified squamous
Peristaltic and antiperstatic movement

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17
Q

Stomach compartments

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum
Developed from embryonic gastric spindle
Total capacity: 60L

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18
Q

How is the stomach changed from birth?

A

@ birth abomasum is 60% of stomach because calf needs enzymes from mother to to digest milk
By 2 months rumen and reticulum are 80%

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19
Q

Stomach capacity for ox and small ruminants

A

Rumen: ox 80%, SR 75%
Reticulum: ox 5%, SR 8%
Omasum 8%, 4%
Abomasum: 7%, 13%

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20
Q

What is the location of the rumen?

A

From 7th- 8th ICS to pelvic inlet
From abdominal roof to abdominal floor
Most of the left side of the abdomen

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21
Q

What is the location of the reticulum?

A

Cranial to rumen
Left side of midline
Under 6th, 7th, and 8th ribs
Above the xiphoid process

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22
Q

Characteristics of the reticulum

A

Honeycomb appearance
2 openings: cardia and reticulomasal orifice
Incompletely divided from rumen by the ruminoreticular fold

23
Q

Gastric groove structure

A

Extends from cardia to abomasum
3 parts: Reticular, omasal and abomasal groove

24
Q

How is the gastric groove used?

A

Bypass tube for milk in suckling young
Closure of muscular lips with relaxation of reticulo-omasal orifice and the omaso-abomasal orifice will convert the groove into a closed tube

25
Q

What triggers groove closure?

A

Chemical receptors in mouth and pharynx, sensitive to milk salts stimulate the vagal reflex

26
Q

Whats used for abomasal deworming medication?

A

Copper and nicotine sulphate

27
Q

Ruminal contractions

A

Mixes and moves ingesta from one compartment to the next (belching/eruption)
Regulated by the vagus nerve and controlled by gastric center in medulla oblongata

28
Q

Where are contractions usually heard?

A

Left side @ the paralumbar fossa 1-3 every minute

29
Q

Primary ruminal contraction

A

Mixing and circulation of digesta in an organized manner
3 phases: biphasic reticular contraction –> contraction of dorsal ruminal sac –> contraction of ventral sac

30
Q

Secodary ruminal contraction

A

Ingesta flows from the ventral blind sac to the dorsal blind sac –> dorsal sac (eructation) and to the ventral sac
Leds to eructation of gases

31
Q

Ingesta

A

Grain and re-masticated roughages fall into the ventral sac of the rumen
Bottom to top: grain/ yesterdays hay, todays hay, gases

32
Q

How does ingesta move?

A

Cranial sac –> reticulum (reticulo-omasal) –> omasum (omaso-abomasal orifice) –> abomasum

33
Q

Sacs of the rumen

A

LEFT
Dorsal sac in left paralumbar fossa
Ventral sac covered by greater omentum

34
Q

What structures are located on the left side of the abdominal cavity ?

A

Spleen
Cranial sac
Reticulum

35
Q

What structures are seen on the right side of the abdominal cavity?

A

Descending duodenum
Right lobe of pancreas
Superficial wall of the great omentum
Liver and gallbladder
Part of abomasum and omasum

36
Q

Ruminal Tympany (bloat)

A

Excessive accumulation of fermentation gases within the reticulorumen
Failure of eructation
Can develop rapidly and be life-threatening due to pressure on heart, lungs and diaphragm

37
Q

Clinical signs of ruminal typani

A

Asymmetrical abdominal distention
Most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa
Tachycardia and Dyspnea

38
Q

Free gas bloat

A

Mechanical or functional disturbance anywhere along the path of the eructation mechanism

39
Q

Frothy bloat

A

Ruminal gases trapped in small bubbles within abdominal viscous digesta
Trocarization doesn’t work

40
Q

What are the causes of frothy bloat?

A

Esophageal dysfunction
Intraluminal: foreign body (choke)
Tumor

41
Q

What else can ruminal tympani lead to?

A

Ruminal motility dysfunction
Muscular inactivity (hypocalemia)
Reticular adhesion (TRP, abomasal ulcers/ ditenstion, peritonitis)
Vagal nerve injury
Abnormal rumen environment
Lactic acidosis

42
Q

Where is trocarization of the rumen done?

A

Left paralumbar fossa because its retroperitoneal, and dorsal aspect is cutaneous

43
Q

What are the borders for trocarization?

A

Cranial: last rib
Caudal: cord of the flank (EAO comes down and forms the cord of the flank)
Dorsal: back muscles

44
Q

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (TRP)

A

Sporadic disease caused by perforation of the reticulum by ingested foreign material
Contamination of body cavities or organs
Rarely in sheep/ goats

45
Q

What are the outcomes of TRP?

A

Peritonitis
Reticular abscess formation
Liver puncture and abscessation
Pericarditis, pulmonary abscessation

46
Q

What other structures are affected by TRP?

A

Diaphragm (28-60% of cases)
Pericardia (6-8% of cases)

47
Q

How do you treat TRP?

A

Medical management (parenteral antibiotics)
Magnet (prevents migration)
Surgery

48
Q

Surgery for TRP

A
  1. Exploratory laparotomy (left, opening the abdominal cavity via ventral midline)
  2. Rumenotomy: removing foreign objects and identify perireticular abscesses
49
Q

How do you diagnose TRP?

A

Rod test
Slope test
Abduction
Bottle neck (advanced, edema of neck)

50
Q

Lactic Acidosis (Rumen overload, grain overload, engorgement toxemia, ruminitis, et.)

A

Rapid production and absorption of ruminal organic acids and endotoxins
Animal over consumes a meal of readily fermentable carbs (finely ground grains)

51
Q

What are the signs of lactic acidosis?

A

Anorexia
Complete rumen stasis
Abdominal pain (grunting, distension)
Diarrhea (grey, bloody, foamy)

52
Q

What other conditions come with lactic acidosis?

A

Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis: blood pH <7.2
Hypocalcemia
Damage to rumen wall
Bacterial and mycotic organisms invade surface epithelium
endotoxic shock

53
Q

Endotoxic shock

A

Toxins released during destruction of large numbers of gram-neg organisms from rumen

54
Q

Treatment for lactic acidosis

A

Mild cases recover without treatment
Empty rumen: oral lavage, rumenotomy
Oral antacids (magnesium carbonate or hydroxide)
Correct dehydration

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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