Ruminants Male Reproductive System

Question 1

What type of penis does ruminants have?

Answer 1

Fibroelastic with some cavernosus muscle
T. albuginea is well-developed

Question 2

How does the scrotum sit?

Answer 2

More ventral
Testis are vertical

Question 3

What do you check for before performing castration?

Answer 3

Breeding soundness
Glans, body and root of penis for bruises or fractures

Question 4

Prostate ruminants

Answer 4

Bovine: body and disseminate part spread along the pelvic urethra
SR: ONLY disseminate part

Question 5

Distal sigmoid flexure

Answer 5

Could contain bladder stones
TA in this area thin –> erection with increased blood pressure fracture (rupture)

Question 6

How is the sigmoid flexure maintained?

Answer 6

By the retractor penile muscle and the tunica albuginea

Question 7

When performing breed soundness exam, what do you need to do to extract the penis?

Answer 7

Pudendal nerve block
Will relax penis and allow for easy extraction and examination
Dorsal penile nerve block (relax flexure)

Question 8

Pudendal nerve block

Answer 8

Sympathetic blocking caudal rectal and ventral perineal nerves as well, along sacrosciatic ligament
Rectal palpation first

Question 9

The ____________ relaxes before parturition meaning the cow is in labor

Answer 9

Sacrosciatic ligament (sacrotuberis)

Question 10

Urethral process in SR and LR

Answer 10

SR: long, past the glans penis
LR: Short and doesn’t extend pass the glans

Question 11

What is the root of the penis made of?

Answer 11

1. Corpus cavernosum (sciatic tuberosity)
2. Crus of the penis (covered by ischiocavernosus)
3. Bulbospongiosus

Question 12

Retractor penile muscle

Answer 12

Smooth muscle coming from the 1st and 2nd vertebrae
ANS, sympathetic
Draws the penis into the prepuce

Question 13

Where does the reactor penis insert?

Answer 13

SR: On the distal part of the sigmoid flexure
LR: On glans penis

Question 14

Apical Ligament

Answer 14

Located on the dorsum of the distal penis
CS: pathological penile deviations
2 in LR (l. and r.)–> left more developed

Question 15

Where does the penis receive its blood supply?

Answer 15

Artery of the penis (internal pudendal –> from internal iliac)

Question 16

What does the artery of the bulb supply?

Answer 16

Corpus spongiosum causing ejaculation

Question 17

What does the deep artery of the penis supply?

Answer 17

Corpus cavernosum causing erection

Question 18

What does the bull prepuce contain?

Answer 18

Well developed frenulum of prepuce that attaches to the glans penis to the internal lamina
Ruptures @ 6 m (SR), 1 yr-14 m (LR)

Question 19

CS of the prepuce?

Answer 19

Persistent penile frenulum causes penis to bend and prevents full extraction during erection
Don’t breed

Question 20

How do you fix persistent penile frenulum?

Answer 20

Cut during surgery
Block dorsal penile nerve on dorsal aspect of the penis

Question 21

Urethral Recess/ Diverticulum

Answer 21

Don’t hit during catherization
@ ishiatic arch

Question 22

Urotlith

Answer 22

Stones in the bladder/urethra
Stricture develops causing it to be recurrent in ruminants
Causes urolithiasis

Question 23

Why isn’t cryptorchidism common in ruminants?

Answer 23

Because testicular descent happens early

Question 24

Urolithiasis treatment options

Answer 24

Perineal urethrostomy: insert catheter into perineal region and directly into bladder
Tube cystotomy

Question 25

Tube cystotomy

Answer 25

When stones are within the bladder
Perimedian incision or through linea alba –> through abdomen directly to bladder

Question 26

Why are ruminants poor candidates for general anesthesia?

Answer 26

Complication like regurgitation, bloating and muscle damage

Question 27

What local anesthesia is preferred?

Answer 27

Paravertebral NB
Local infiltration of anesthetic agents
Epidural anesthesia (obstetrical operations, surgery of genitalia)

Question 28

What are the common sites for epidural?

Answer 28

1. First coccygeal intervertebral space (Cd1-Cd2)
2. Sacrococcygeal intervertebral space (S5-Cd1)
3. Lumbosacral space (iliac crest is landmark)

Question 29

Castration is done before _________

Answer 29

2 months