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2. Anatomy > Male Genetalia > Flashcards

Male Genetalia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 structures of the male genital tract?

A

Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Spermatic Cord
Accessory Glands
Penis
Prepuce

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2
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac-containing testes
Function: Thermoregulation and protects the testes

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3
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Tunica dartos
  3. Scrotal fascia
  4. Tunica vaginalis
  5. Tunica albuginea
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4
Q

Skin of the scrotum

A

Outermost
Smooth with large number of sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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5
Q

Tunica dartos

A

Composed of muscular and fibroelastic tissue
Lines the scrotum
Contracts and relaxes in response to the environment and testicular temp

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6
Q

Scrotal fascia

A

Loose CT
Allows testicles to move freely within the scrotal sac

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7
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Continuous with peritoneal lining
Two layers: inner/visceral and outer/ parietal

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8
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Divides testes into lobes

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9
Q

Clin sig of the Tunica vaginalis

A

Closed castration: remain closed
Open castration: exposed, open

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10
Q

What are the risks of both closed and open castration?

A

Closed: takes longer but reduces the chance of peritoneal infection
Open: quicker, risk of peritonitis

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11
Q

Which structures of the scrotum are responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Tunica dartos and cremaster muscle

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12
Q

Castration

A

Standing or lateral recumbency
1 to 2 cm incision adjacent to the median raphe
Testicles palpated before surgery and stays in hand of surgeon

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13
Q

What is illegal when performing castrations?

A

Leaving one testicle in the horse

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14
Q

What are the most common complications for castration?

A

Edema
Infection
Heavy bleeding from testicular artery
Omental prolapse
Intestinal herniation/ evisceration

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15
Q

Scrotal hernia

A

Intestines in scrotum
Due to severe inguinal ring opening during breeding
NOT a castration complication

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16
Q

Testes

A

Produces sperm cells and hormones
Size correlates with amount of sperm produced (breeding potential)

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17
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Temp is 3-5° less than body temp
Scrotal muscles work with cremaster to help change testicle position
Pampiniform plexus (veins of cord)
Arteries carry warm blood and vein brings cool blood

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18
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourishment and alert development
Secreting luminal fluids and proteins
Forming the blood-testis barrier
Having phagocytic functions

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19
Q

Leydig cells

A

Secret hormones that develop secondary sex characteristics and help with spermicide production

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20
Q

Cryptocordism

A

If one or both testes failed to descend within the first several months of age
Genetic/ heritable
Bilateral or unilateral

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21
Q

Abdominal cryptorchidism

A

High flanker
Horse with testicles in abdominal cavity

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22
Q

Inguinal cryptorchidism

A

Low flanker
Testicle remained in the inguinal canal

23
Q

Which breeds does cryptorchidism occur in mostly?

A

Quarter horses
Saddlebreds
Percheron
Standardbreds
produce sperm but shouldn’t be bred

24
Q

How do you treat cryptorchidism?

A

Through linea alba or laparoscopy (flank region through abdominal tunic)

25
Q

Where do sperm cells travel after production?

A

Epididymis

26
Q

Tail of the epididymus

A

Site of sperm storage prior to ejaculation

27
Q

Epididymus

A

Help transport sperm cells from the testicles to the ductus deferens
Helps sperm mature, concentrate the testicular fluid and protects the sperm

28
Q

What structures are within the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Ductus deferens
  2. Testicular artery, vein and nerves
  3. Lymphatic vessels
  4. Cremaster muscle
29
Q

What is the function of the spermatic cord?

A

Transports blood and semen
Thermoregulation

30
Q

What are the accessory sec glands?

A

Ampulla
Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

31
Q

What is the main function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

To produce a portion of the seminal fluid

32
Q

What are the functions of the fluid that the gland produces?

A

Help move sperm through urethra
Provide nutrients to sperm cells
Stimulate sperm metabolism
Motility
Buffers environment

33
Q

Ampulla

A

Where sperm cells are stored until they are ejaculated

34
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Add gel volume to the ejaculate

35
Q

Prostate

A

Produce pre-sperm fraction or pre-ejaculate (alkaline secretions)

36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

Root
Body
Glans

37
Q

Penis

A

When flaccid, penis lies in prepuce
2.5 to 6 cm in diameter, 50 cm in length
When erected penis can double in length and thickness

38
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscle

A

Attaches the penis to the floor of the pelvic bone

39
Q

Urethra clin sig

A

At the level of the prostate and ischiocavernosus, it’s reduced in diameter from 6cm to 1 or 2
Important point when catheterizing urethra of stallions

40
Q

What are the inguinal structures of the male?

A

Spermatic cord
Genitofemoral nerve
External pudendal artery
Lymphatic

41
Q

What are the different structures of the penis?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle
T. Albuginea
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Urethra
Bulbospongiosus
Retractor penis

42
Q

Body of the penis

A

Made of corpus cavernous (erectile tissue)
Filled with blood and expands during erection

43
Q

Retractor penis muscle

A

Retracts the penis into the prepuce

44
Q

What structure does the glans create?

A

Fossa glandis that creates a sinus that harbors smegma

45
Q

Smegma (Beans of the Penis)

A

Dried secretions of the sebaceous and sweat glands
Harbors bacterial growth (must be cleaned before service)

46
Q

Glans

A

Terminal part of the penis
Expands during erection

47
Q

Vascular supply of the penis

A

Pudendal artery
Middle artery of the penis
Obturator artery

48
Q

External pudendal venous plexus

A

Rapidly drains blood from the recited penis following ejaculation

49
Q

What are the clinical conditions of the penis?

A

Preputial Edema (enlarged)
Paraphimosis
Tumors
Frost bites (amputation)
Lacerations

50
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Inability of penis to retract back into the sheath

51
Q

How to you fix penile injuries

A

Urethrostomy and penile amputation

52
Q

Prepuce

A

Sheath, double invagination of the skin that covers the distal portion of the non-erect penis

53
Q

Preputial fold

A

Second fold of skin
Reserve of skin during erection

54
Q

Catheter incision

A
  1. Insert the urinary catheter into the urethra
  2. 10 cm ventral to the pelvic floor so urine won’t go into the bladder
  3. Incise skin tend retractor penile muscle
  4. Suture the bulbospongiosus and corpus spongiosum muscles
  5. Remove the penis and suture skin

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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