Male Genetalia

Question 1

What are the 7 structures of the male genital tract?

Answer 1

Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Spermatic Cord
Accessory Glands
Penis
Prepuce

Question 2

Scrotum

Answer 2

Sac-containing testes
Function: Thermoregulation and protects the testes

Question 3

What are the layers of the scrotum?

Answer 3

1. Skin
2. Tunica dartos
3. Scrotal fascia
4. Tunica vaginalis
5. Tunica albuginea

Question 4

Skin of the scrotum

Answer 4

Outermost
Smooth with large number of sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Question 5

Tunica dartos

Answer 5

Composed of muscular and fibroelastic tissue
Lines the scrotum
Contracts and relaxes in response to the environment and testicular temp

Question 6

Scrotal fascia

Answer 6

Loose CT
Allows testicles to move freely within the scrotal sac

Question 7

Tunica vaginalis

Answer 7

Continuous with peritoneal lining
Two layers: inner/visceral and outer/ parietal

Question 8

Tunica albuginea

Answer 8

Divides testes into lobes

Question 9

Clin sig of the Tunica vaginalis

Answer 9

Closed castration: remain closed
Open castration: exposed, open

Question 10

What are the risks of both closed and open castration?

Answer 10

Closed: takes longer but reduces the chance of peritoneal infection
Open: quicker, risk of peritonitis

Question 11

Which structures of the scrotum are responsible for thermoregulation?

Answer 11

Tunica dartos and cremaster muscle

Question 12

Castration

Answer 12

Standing or lateral recumbency
1 to 2 cm incision adjacent to the median raphe
Testicles palpated before surgery and stays in hand of surgeon

Question 13

What is illegal when performing castrations?

Answer 13

Leaving one testicle in the horse

Question 14

What are the most common complications for castration?

Answer 14

Edema
Infection
Heavy bleeding from testicular artery
Omental prolapse
Intestinal herniation/ evisceration

Question 15

Scrotal hernia

Answer 15

Intestines in scrotum
Due to severe inguinal ring opening during breeding
NOT a castration complication

Question 16

Testes

Answer 16

Produces sperm cells and hormones
Size correlates with amount of sperm produced (breeding potential)

Question 17

Thermoregulation

Answer 17

Temp is 3-5° less than body temp
Scrotal muscles work with cremaster to help change testicle position
Pampiniform plexus (veins of cord)
Arteries carry warm blood and vein brings cool blood

Question 18

Sertoli cells

Answer 18

Nourishment and alert development
Secreting luminal fluids and proteins
Forming the blood-testis barrier
Having phagocytic functions

Question 19

Leydig cells

Answer 19

Secret hormones that develop secondary sex characteristics and help with spermicide production

Question 20

Cryptocordism

Answer 20

If one or both testes failed to descend within the first several months of age
Genetic/ heritable
Bilateral or unilateral

Question 21

Abdominal cryptorchidism

Answer 21

High flanker
Horse with testicles in abdominal cavity

Question 22

Inguinal cryptorchidism

Answer 22

Low flanker
Testicle remained in the inguinal canal

Question 23

Which breeds does cryptorchidism occur in mostly?

Answer 23

Quarter horses
Saddlebreds
Percheron
Standardbreds
produce sperm but shouldn’t be bred

Question 24

How do you treat cryptorchidism?

Answer 24

Through linea alba or laparoscopy (flank region through abdominal tunic)

Question 25

Where do sperm cells travel after production?

Answer 25

Epididymis

Question 26

Tail of the epididymus

Answer 26

Site of sperm storage prior to ejaculation

Question 27

Epididymus

Answer 27

Help transport sperm cells from the testicles to the ductus deferens Helps sperm mature, concentrate the testicular fluid and protects the sperm

Question 28

What structures are within the spermatic cord?

Answer 28

1. Ductus deferens 2. Testicular artery, vein and nerves 3. Lymphatic vessels 4. Cremaster muscle

Question 29

What is the function of the spermatic cord?

Answer 29

Transports blood and semen Thermoregulation

Question 30

What are the accessory sec glands?

Answer 30

Ampulla Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles) Prostate Bulbourethral glands

Question 31

What is the main function of the bulbourethral glands?

Answer 31

To produce a portion of the seminal fluid

Question 32

What are the functions of the fluid that the gland produces?

Answer 32

Help move sperm through urethra Provide nutrients to sperm cells Stimulate sperm metabolism Motility Buffers environment

Question 33

Ampulla

Answer 33

Where sperm cells are stored until they are ejaculated

Question 34

Seminal vesicles

Answer 34

Add gel volume to the ejaculate

Question 35

Prostate

Answer 35

Produce pre-sperm fraction or pre-ejaculate (alkaline secretions)

Question 36

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

Answer 36

Root Body Glans

Question 37

Penis

Answer 37

When flaccid, penis lies in prepuce 2.5 to 6 cm in diameter, 50 cm in length When erected penis can double in length and thickness

Question 38

Ischiocavernosus muscle

Answer 38

Attaches the penis to the floor of the pelvic bone

Question 39

Urethra clin sig

Answer 39

At the level of the prostate and ischiocavernosus, it’s reduced in diameter from 6cm to 1 or 2 Important point when catheterizing urethra of stallions

Question 40

What are the inguinal structures of the male?

Answer 40

Spermatic cord Genitofemoral nerve External pudendal artery Lymphatic

Question 41

What are the different structures of the penis?

Answer 41

Ischiocavernosus muscle T. Albuginea Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Urethra Bulbospongiosus Retractor penis

Question 42

Body of the penis

Answer 42

Made of corpus cavernous (erectile tissue) Filled with blood and expands during erection

Question 43

Retractor penis muscle

Answer 43

Retracts the penis into the prepuce

Question 44

What structure does the glans create?

Answer 44

Fossa glandis that creates a sinus that harbors smegma

Question 45

Smegma (Beans of the Penis)

Answer 45

Dried secretions of the sebaceous and sweat glands Harbors bacterial growth (must be cleaned before service)

Question 46

Glans

Answer 46

Terminal part of the penis Expands during erection

Question 47

Vascular supply of the penis

Answer 47

Pudendal artery Middle artery of the penis Obturator artery

Question 48

External pudendal venous plexus

Answer 48

Rapidly drains blood from the recited penis following ejaculation

Question 49

What are the clinical conditions of the penis?

Answer 49

Preputial Edema (enlarged) Paraphimosis Tumors Frost bites (amputation) Lacerations

Question 50

Paraphimosis

Answer 50

Inability of penis to retract back into the sheath

Question 51

How to you fix penile injuries

Answer 51

Urethrostomy and penile amputation

Question 52

Prepuce

Answer 52

Sheath, double invagination of the skin that covers the distal portion of the non-erect penis

Question 53

Preputial fold

Answer 53

Second fold of skin Reserve of skin during erection

Question 54

Catheter incision

Answer 54

1. Insert the urinary catheter into the urethra 2. 10 cm ventral to the pelvic floor so urine won’t go into the bladder 3. Incise skin tend retractor penile muscle 4. Suture the bulbospongiosus and corpus spongiosum muscles 5. Remove the penis and suture skin