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2. Anatomy > Equine Neck and Thorax > Flashcards

Equine Neck and Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Brachioceophalicus m.

A

Made of cleidomastoideus and cleidobrachialis m.
Neck flexion and limb advancement when horse is in motion

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2
Q

Intramuscular injection

A

Given in neck area (splenius m.)
Given on the left and right side

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3
Q

What do you avoid during an IM injection?

A

Dorsal branch of the accessory n.
Deep cervical a.

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4
Q

Injury of the deep cervical artery and the dorsal branch of the accessory n.

A

Blood under the skin –> hematoma
Atrophy of muscle

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5
Q

Ventral branch of the accessory n.

A

Supplies the sternocephalicus m.
CS: atrophy of m. and treatment of crib biting, biopsy to diagnose equine motor neuron disease

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6
Q

How do you treat crib biting?

A

Modified Forssel Technique:
Cut 10 cm of ventral branch of the accessory,
30 cm of omohyoideus and sternohyoideus m.,
30 cm of sternothryroideus m.

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7
Q

Cutaneous coli m.

A

Covers the jugular vein, cephalic vein, deltoid branch of superficial cervical artery, caudal deep cervical lymph center and thoracic inlet

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8
Q

Superficial cervical fascia

A

Loose CT
Protects the superficial muscles of the neck and the jugular groove
CS: Ability to communicate (infection to one moves to other structures)

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9
Q

Deep Cervical Fascia

A

Regular Dense CT
Protects the carotid sheet, trachea and esophagus

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10
Q

What are the borders of the jugular groove?

A

Dorsal: Omotransversarius and cleidomastoideus m.
Ventral: sternocephalicus m.
Medial: omohyoideus m.
Laterally: cr- skin, cd. cutaneous coli m.

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11
Q

What are the 3 alternative sites for venipuncture that form venous sinuses?

A

Transverse facial
Deep facial
Buccal sinus

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12
Q

Transverse facial vein

A

Most accessible for blood collection
For small amounts of blood and anesthesia
Ventral to the facial crest
Between the lateral and medial canthus

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13
Q

What are other alternative sites for venipuncture

A

Transverse facial vein
Cephalic vein (medially between radius and ulna)
Saphenous vein (medial, distal tibia)
Superficial thoracic vein (spur v.)

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14
Q

What are the sites for obtaining pulse?

A

Facial (mandibular) a. - primary
Transverse facial a. -secondary

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15
Q

Carotid sheath

A

Vagosympathetic trunk
Common carotid a. (IV injection, omohyoideus protects)
Recurrent Laryngeal n.
Sometimes the internal jugular

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16
Q

Trachea

A

Breathing
Associated structures: thyroid and lymphatic centers
Procedures: trans-tracheal wash, broncho-alveolar lavage and tracheotomy/trachostomy

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17
Q

What are the lymph centers along the trachea?

A

Cr. deep LC
Cd. deep LC
Middle deep LC

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18
Q

Trans-tracheal wash

A

Between rings 4 and 6
Used to collect fluid for culture from the trachea and the lungs in cases of suspected respiratory infections.

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19
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Emergency procedure when dying or choking
Cut the annular ligament between rings 4 and 6
Creates immediate air passage

20
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Performed to relieve a progressive breathing difficulty (tumor)
Severing parts of tracheal rings 4 and 6

21
Q

What are the two muscles on the ventral aspect of the trachea?

A

Sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus m

22
Q

Esophagus

A

Cervical esophagus deviates from the dorsal surface of the trachea, laterally, to the left side of the trachea in the first half of the neck

No serosa, only adventitia (makes surgery difficult, making muscles the holding layer)

23
Q

What are the other lymph centers?

A

Superficial cervical lymph center
drains the neck, shoulder, arm and thorax

24
Q

What are the borders of the superficial cervical lymph center?

A

Lateral: Omotransversarius and cleidomastoideus
Medial: Omohyoideus
Caudal: subclavius

25
Q

The Nuchal Ligament

A

Holds and helps the movement of the head of the horse during racing (up and down)
DRCT

26
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nuchal ligament?

A

Fu niculus nuchae: cord like
Lamina nuchae: sheet

27
Q

Funiculus Nuchae

A

O: back of head
Goes from the dorsal midline of the back of the head to the supraspinous ligament (T2-T8)
Thoraco-lumbar fascia, dorsoscapular ligment, serratus ventralis

28
Q

Lamina nuchae

A

O: T2-T3
Inserts on C2-C5

29
Q

Cranial nuchal bursa

A

Between ventral aspect of nuchal lig and dor. aspect of C1 (atlas)
Filled with synovial fluid
CS: Poll Evil

30
Q

Caudal Nuchal bursa

A

Between ven aspect of nuchal lig and C2 (axial)
CS: Caudal nuchal bursitis

31
Q

Suprapsinous bursa

A

Between ventral aspect of nuchal lig and T2-T3
CS: Fistulous Withers

32
Q

Poll evil

A

Continuous irritation –> skin breaks –> cr. nuchal bursa gets infected (ie. running into a stall)
Abscess formation that you would open and drain

33
Q

Atlanto-occipital space

A

Dorsal midline
Cranial to the wings of the atlas and the skull
CS: collect CSF

34
Q

Wobbler’s

A

Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy
Neurological disease that’s caused by stenosis and putting pressure on the SC

35
Q

Liver Biopsy

A

Done on the right side from 12-14th ICS
Area is between 2 lines: tuber coxae to the olecranon process and tuber coxae to the point of the shoulder

36
Q

Lung Biopsy

A

Done on the right or left from 7th or 8th ICS
3 in. dor to the line between the olecranon process and tuber coxae (cranially)

37
Q

What are the thoracic cavities

A

Thoracic (lungs and bronchi)
Mediastinal (heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus)
Pleural (empty)

38
Q

Lung Auscultation (triangle)

A

Basal: 6, 11, 16th ICS *
Ven: tuber coxae to the olecranon
Dor: back muscles
Cr: olecranon to long head of the triceps

39
Q

Line of diaphragmatic pleural reflection

A

Where the pleura covers the lungs and diaphragm
CS: cr to that line is the thoracic cavity, cd to the line you’re in the abdominal cavity (collecting peritoneal fluid)
7th-17th ICS

40
Q

Heart Ausultation

A

PAM345
R4

41
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

Collect thoracic fluid to diagnose respiratory diseases
2 in. cr. to the line of pleural reflection
R: 6th or 7th ICS
L: 7th or 8th ICS

42
Q

Bilateral action of the brachiocephalicus flexes the neck _________

A

Ventral

43
Q

Unilateral action of the brachiocephalicus bends the neck _______

A

Toward the active side

44
Q

When the neck is fixed, unilateral action of the brachiocephalicus ___________

A

Advances limb

45
Q

What does the dorsal branch of the accessory nerve supply?

A

Trapezius, omotransversarius and brachiocephalicus m

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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