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2. Anatomy > Equine Head > Flashcards

Equine Head Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 external features of the skull?

A

Nasoincisive notch
Facial crest
Mandibular notch

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2
Q

What are the foramina of the skull?

A

Supraorbital
Infraorbital
Mental
Mandibular

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3
Q

What are the nerve blocks of the face?

A

Infraorbital
Mental
Mandibular

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4
Q

What are the nerve blocks of the eye?

A

Supraorbital (trigem, opthalmic)
Auriculopalpebral (Facial, palpebral)
Lacrimal (trigem and opthalmic)
Zygomaticofacial (trigeminal, zygomatic)
Infratrochlear (trigem, opthalmic)

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5
Q

Which nerve blocks comes from the trigeminal nerve (7)?

A

Infraorbital, mental and mandibular alveolar

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6
Q

How do you locate the infraorbital nerve block?

A

Three finger method: nasoincisive, infraorbital f. and rostral end of facial crest
Lift the levator labii superioris muscle to locate

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7
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve block desensitize?

A

Upper lip
Nose
First upper 2 cheek teeth

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8
Q

How do you locate the mental nerve block?

A

Palpate caudal to the canines
Covered by the depressor labii inferioris muscle

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9
Q

What does the mental nerve block desensitize?

A

Lower lip
Canine and incisors

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10
Q

Mandibular alveolar nerve block

A

Intersection point between a line parallel to the masticatory surface of the cheek teeth and lateral canthus
Lower cheek teeth blocked

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11
Q

Subpalpebral lavage system

A

Used for medication
To avoid the eye
Anesthetize the upper eyelid

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12
Q

Supraorbital nerve block

A

Supraorbital branch of the opthalmic nerve
Portions of palpebral branches of the auriculopalpebral n.
3 fingers= dorsal surface of eyelid, supraorbital foramen, supraorbital fossa

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13
Q

Purpose of the supraorbital nerve block

A

Prevents sensation to the upper eyelid

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14
Q

Auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Located @ the dorsal edge of the zygomatic arch
Prevents blepharospasm (blinking)

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15
Q

Lacrimal nerve block

A

Located along the dorsolateral third of the orbit

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16
Q

Zygomaticofacial nerve block

A

Located laterally along the ventral margin of the orbit
Medial to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone

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17
Q

False Nostril (diverticulum)

A

Blind sac (closed)
CS: block with thumb to help navigate the nasogastric tube

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18
Q

True nostril

A

Opening for breathing
CS: nasogastric intubation and endoscopy

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19
Q

How can the nasolacrimal duct be blocked?

A

Can be blocked by polyps (excessive lacrimation)

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20
Q

How do you test the nasolacrimal duct?

A

With the patency of the NLD Jones Test
Postive (good): dye put in eye and comes out of duct
Neg (bad): corneal ulcers

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21
Q

Nasal septum

A

Sits in the vomer bone
CS: NS deviation
Hyaline cartilage that separates the left and right nostrils

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22
Q

What are the 3 nasal conchae?

A

Dorsal
Ventral
Ethmoidal

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23
Q

Which meatus does the nasogastric tube or endoscope go into?

A

Ventral nasal meatus

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24
Q

Ethmoid conchae

A

Highly vascularized
CS: Ethmoid Hematoma, nasal bleeding that could be fatal (if hit by nasogastric tube)

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25
Q

Sinusitis

A

Other than dental, most important cases
Enlargement, infected sinus with a large amount of exudate (pus)
Fix: trephination and bone flap

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26
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Gas filled cavities between the internal and external plates of the flat bones that comprise the skull
Diverticula, lined by ciliated glandular epithelium

27
Q

What is the function of the sinuses?

A

Reduce the weight of the skull and provide expanded spaces for the teeth

28
Q

What are the 3 paranasal sinuses?

A

Conchofrontal
Maxillary (rostral and caudal)
Sphenopalatine

29
Q

What does the CAUDAL DORSAL concha communicates with and what does it form?

A

Communicates with the frontal sinus to form the conchofrontal sinus

30
Q

What does the CAUDAL VENTRAL concha communicates with the what is it over?

A

With rostral maxillary sinus over the infraorbital canal

31
Q

What does the CAUDAL MAXILLARY sinus communicate with?

A

Dorsally with the conchofrontal sinus and caudally with the sphenopalatine sinus

32
Q

Where do the sinuses drain?

A

Into the nasal cavity via the nasomaxillary fissure then passes to the middle nasal meatus

33
Q

How are the rostral and caudal portions of the maxillary sinus separated?

A

Bony septum located 5 cm caudal to the rostral end of the facial crest

34
Q

What are the borders for the maxillary sinus

A

Cr: rostral end of the facial crest to the infraorbital foramen
Cd: Rostral part of the bony orbit of the eye
Ventral: Facial crest
Dorsal: Infraorbital foramen to medial canthus of the eye

35
Q

Why is the dorsal border of the maxillary sinus important?

A

Surgical access
Border covers the infraorbital canal (nerve) and nasolacrimal duct
Don’t want to injure, so you go below the border

36
Q

Molar roots

A

Roots of the last 3 cheek teeth are in maxillary sinus
As a surgeon: use the borders to access a tooth abscess or remove a tooth
PM4 partially located in the rostral maxillary sinus

37
Q

Sphenopalatine sinus location

A

Cd to ethmoidal concha
Dor to guttural pouches and nasopharynx
Cr to physis between the basisphenoid and basioccipital bones

38
Q

Clin. Sig. of the Sphenopalatine sinus

A

Young animal gets an infection –> infection goes through the bone plate and to the brain –> neurological signs

39
Q

How does the Sphenopalatine sinus drain?

A

Rostrally into the caudal maxillary sinus –> nasal cavity via the middle nasal meatus

40
Q

How do you get into the nasal sinuses?

A

Trephination (making an opening)
Bone Flap (cutting skin around the bone)

41
Q

Guttural pouches

A

Extensions of ear of the horse (2)
Air-filled diverticula from the auditory tube separated by a thin septum on the midline
Lined with ciliated pseudostrat. epithelium (goblet and mucus cells)

42
Q

What are the functions of the guttural pouch?

A

Influence BP in the internal carotid
Cerebral blood-cooling mechanism during racing
Balace system

43
Q

What are the components of the GP?

A

Medial compartment (larger)
Lateral compartment
Stylohyoid bone (divides the compartments)
Capacity: 300-500 ml

44
Q

Stylohyoid bone

A

Largest bones of the hyoid apparatus
Incompletely divide the guttutal pouches into medial and lateral

45
Q

What are the guttural pouches drained by?

A

Medial retropharyngeal LN

46
Q

When does the physis between the basioccipital bone and basisphenoid bone close?

A

@ 2-3 years of age

47
Q

What muscle attaches to the basioccipital bone and basisphenoid bone and is involved in guttural pouch diseases?

A

Longus capitis muscle

48
Q

What are the natural entrances to the GP?

A

Nasopharynx (via endoscopy)
Lateral Canthus
Dorsal to Pouch

49
Q

Lymphoid Hyperplasia

A

Pharyngitis or sore throat (bumps)
Normal in the pharynx

50
Q

What diseases are associated with the GP?

A

Tympani
Empyema
Mycosis
Exostosis of the styloid bone
Tumors (melanoma)

51
Q

GP tympani

A

Enlargment of the GP with air
Needs to be drained

52
Q

GP emypema

A

GP filled with pus (infection and bacteria)
Dried pus= chondroid formation, surgically remove

53
Q

GP Mycosis

A

Fungus living in GP
Fungus grows on walls of BVs –> weakens and ruptures them
Leads to GP bleeding

54
Q

Exostosis of the stylohyoid bone

A

Excessive bone formation on the stylohyoid bones

55
Q

Surgical approaches of the GP

A

Viborg Triangle
Modified Whitehouse (enter through medial compartment)

56
Q

Viborg Triangle

A

Landmarks: ramus of the mandible (cr)
Linguofacial vein (ven)
Tendon of the sternocephalicus (dor)
Parotid ducts are at risk

57
Q

Whitehouse technique

A

NOT midline
Cutting beside the midline (couple inches)

58
Q

Larynx

A

Box that separates the oral cavity from the respiratory system
CS: laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)

59
Q

Epiglottis

A

Shutter for breathing/ swallowing
CS: epiglottic entrapment (by excessive mucous membrane due to inflammation of the area)

60
Q

Soft Palate

A

Root of the tongue, shutter also
CS: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (SP sits on top of the epiglottis)

61
Q

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

A

Supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve (stimulation –> contraction –> muscle opens –> air comes)
CS: Laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)
F: Abduct arytenoid

62
Q

Laryngeal prosthesis (tie back)

A

Solution for hemiplegia
#1 site: dorsal aspect of cricocartilage (most caudal point)
#2 site: muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

63
Q

What is another procedure surgeons do with the tie back?

A

Ventriculectomy/ Sacculectomy
Burr inside and cut mucous membrane lining ventricle to increase diameter (also done with laser)

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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