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Immunology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cell receptors are designed to recognize specific __

A

antigens

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2
Q

after the differentiation of several unique B/T cells, there is a phase of __

A

deletion

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3
Q

what is activated when a B/T cell binds to an antigen

A

B/T cell lymphocyte is activated

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4
Q

innate cells use ___ to bind to __, which are found on many pathogens.

A

PRRs, PAMPS

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5
Q

which of the following type of immunity is associated with soluble antibodies produced by B cells?

A

Humoral Immunity

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6
Q

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?

A. Response time within minutes/hours

B. Germ-line encoded receptors

C. Prevents pathogen entry through physical and chemical barriers

D. Repeat exposure enhances and increases speed of response

E. Produces soluble antimicrobial peptides

A

D

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7
Q

What are the most common innate mechanisms that protect organs or tissues from infection?

A. sebum, AMPs, bile salts, microbiota

B. sebum, enzymes, AMPs, mucus

C. AMPs, enzymes, mucociliary apparatus, low pH

D. enzymes, AMPs, microbiota, low pH

A

D

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8
Q

Which of the following corresponds to the function of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs)?

a. binding to iron to minimize bacterial growth

b. disrupt cell wall or membrane of bacteria

c. antifungal and antiviral action

d. b. and c

e. all of the above

A

E

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9
Q

Which of the following are human antimicrobial peptides at epithelia surfaces?

a. Defensins Alpha

b. Defensins Beta

c. Dermcidin

d. all of the above

A
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10
Q

How does mucus protect from pathogens?

a. traps pathogens

b. suffocates pathogens

c. allows the pathogen to be expelled with the mucus

d. A and C

e. B and C

A
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11
Q

What is one of the first cells to respond to an injury?

a. neutrophils

b. monocytes

c. eosinophils

d. basophils

A

A

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12
Q

What are the 4 different types of Pattern-Recongition Receptors (PRRs) that recognize PAMP ligands?

A

TLRs, CLRs, RLRs, NLRs

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13
Q

What activates Natural Killer (NK) Cells?

a. surface markers on infected cells

b. cancer cells

c. damaged cells

d. cytokines from viral infected cells

e. all of the above

A

e

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14
Q

True or False: Pattern-recognition receptors activate signaling pathways.

A

T

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15
Q

Pattern-recognition receptors bind to:

A. PAMPS and DAMPS

B. PAMPS

C. DAMPS

D. Neither PAMPS or DAMPS

A

A

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16
Q

List the four classes of cytokines discussed in class

A

Interferons, Interleukins, Tumor Necrosis Factors, Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

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17
Q

give actions for interferons

A

inhibit viral replication, activate NK cells, regulate activity of macrophages

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18
Q

give actions for Interleukins

A

Inflammation initiation or inhibition, production of acute phase proteins, initiate fever, stimulate neutrophil production.

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19
Q

give actions for Tumor Necrosis Factors

A

Activate macrophages, Cytotoxic to tumors, inflammation, production of acute phase proteins, initiate fever.

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20
Q

give actions for Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

A

Stimulates myeloid hematopoiesis

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21
Q

Which of the following cytokines may be produced by macrophages?

 A. INF-alpha

 B.  IL-1

 C. Tumor necrosis factor

 D. A and B only

 E. All of the above
A

E

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22
Q

What one of the roles phagocytes do?

A

Cells that ingest material; ex. macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils

23
Q

What type of response do the IL-1 and IL-6 have in common?

A

Pro Inflammatory Response

24
Q

what example of interlukin gives an anatagonizes IL-1, IL-6 responses.

A. IL-8

B. IL-10

C. TNF-a

D. IL-12

A

B

25
Q

What does it mean when cytokines are produced de novo?

A

This means that cytokines are produced as needed for immune response compared to being already present.

26
Q

What kind of antigen stimulates IL-10?
a. parasitic

b. viral

c. bacterial

d. all of the above

A

D

27
Q

Why do cytokines have to act both as synergistically and antagonistically depending on the situation?

A

Cytokines need to be able to both activate, synergistically, other cytokines depending on the severity of an infection or antigen while also shutting down other cytokines, antagonistically, if the infection is gone or progressing towards the end of the immune response.

28
Q

How is the lectin pathway of the complement system activated?
A. Immunoglobulin binds to a multivalent antigen.

B. Spontaneous hydrolysis.

C. Proteins recognize specific carbohydrate components found on microbial cell surfaces.

D. The prostaglandins tell the hypothalamus to raise the set point of the body’s temperature.

A

C

29
Q

Acute phase proteins contribute to innate response and can be used diagnostically. Which of the following is not an example of a Negative Acute-Phase Protein?

A. Albumin

B.Transferrin

C. Retinal Binding protein

D. Fibrinogen

A

D

30
Q

What are the three pathways for a complement system?

a. Classical, Phagocytic, Alternative

b. Alternative, Classical, hydrolysis

c. Classical, Lectin, Alternative

d. none of the above

A

C

31
Q

What phagocyte has the role of eliminating the invaded microoganisms by intracellular degradation?

A

Neutrophil

32
Q

What is the step that comes first is in the mechanism of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis

33
Q

True or False, Apoptosis is noninflammatory.

A

True

34
Q

Which of the following is not a host defense cell?

A

Epithelial cell

35
Q

As the bacterium is digested in the phagolyozome the pH?

A

Decreases

36
Q

What makes a target cell more appetizing to a phagocyte?

A

Opsonin

37
Q

What are anti microbial species genereated from?

A

RNS and ROS

38
Q

True or False, Necrosis is inflammatory?

A

True

39
Q

Which of the following is apoptosis not induced by?

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

What does NET stand for?

A

Neutrophil extracellular trap

41
Q

What are professional phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Dendritic cells, macrophages.

42
Q

What is the non-professional phagocyte?

A

Epithelial cells.

43
Q

What can occur inside a phagolysozome for a target cell to be killed?

A

Oxidation, acidification, and degradation via enzymes and or cytotoxic peptides.

44
Q

What are the mechanisms of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis,adherence, ingestion, digestion, and elimination.

45
Q

What are the two different types of macrophages and what is the difference between them?

A

Fixed macrophages only reside in local tissues and organs. Free wandering macrophages can move through tissues to seek sights of infection.

46
Q

What are the Cardinal Signs

A

Rubor, Calor, Tumor, Dolor, Functio Laesa

47
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

48
Q

Calor

A

Heat

49
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

50
Q

Functio

A

Pain

51
Q

Laesa

A

Loss of Function

52
Q

List 3 examples of cells involved in the inflammatory response from an infection.

A

The key cells involved in inflammatory response as a result of infection are Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Monocytes, and NK cells.

53
Q

What cells leave the blood and enter tissues during extravastion?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, and NK cells.

54
Q

Name some differences between Acute and Chronic inflammation:

A

Acute- rapid onset, short duration, PMN infiltration, protein exudate; apoptosis

Chronic- slow onset, long duration, Monocytic/lymphocytic infiltration, necrosis/fibrosis/neovascularization

Immunology (22 decks)

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