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RUSVM LASx PRACTICE QUESTIONS > Exam 2: Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) > Flashcards

Exam 2: Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

The process of abnormal bone and cartilage formation is known as

A

osteochondrosis

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2
Q

A joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone due to blood deprivation in the subchondral bone.

This loss of blood flow causes the subchondral bone to die

in a process called avascular necrosis.

A

OCD- Osteochondritis Dissecans

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3
Q

______ bone is responsible for supporting cartilage

A

Subchondral

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4
Q

Bone and cartilage are formed by a process known as

A

Endochondral ossification

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5
Q

During bone formation,

_____________ form calcified columns in the hypertrophic zone

A

Chondrocytes

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6
Q

The primary spongiosa is formed by ________ using calcified columns

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

What are the two pathophysiological causes of OCD?

A

Failure of blood vessels to penetrate calcified cartilage

Epiphyseal necrosis

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8
Q

What is your diagnosis?

A

OCD- Flap formation

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9
Q

At what age is OCD seen in horses?

A

TWO age ranges:

Birth to 5 months

and

> 1 year old

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10
Q

What is the most important sequela of OCD?

A

Degenerative osteoarthritis

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11
Q

_______ is the only tissue in the body that can heal without scar formation

A

Bone

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12
Q

What is the sex predilection for degenerative osteoarthritis?

A

2:1 Males:Females

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13
Q

T/F: Degenerative osteoarthritis is a heritable trait

A

TRUE

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14
Q

T/F: Nutrition imbalances can cause degenerative osteoarthritis

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Degenerative osteoarthritis

is associated with

______ Calcium

and

_________ Phosphorus

A

decreased calcium

increased phosphorus

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16
Q

Osteochondrosis is a multifactorial disease.

What 4 factors contribute to development of this disease?

A

Nutrition

Growth Rate

Heriditary Factors

Trauma

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17
Q

Aberrant local signaling to the ____________

in the deep layer of the articular epiphyseal-cartilage complex

is believed to underlie the development of osteochondrosis

A

chondrocytes

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18
Q

What nutritional factors are involved in the epipathogenesis of osteochondrosis in horses?

A

LOW calcium, copper, selenium

HIGH phosphorus, zinc, molybdenum

Vitamin A,D deficiency

High protein diet

High caloric intake

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19
Q

_______ supplementation of mares during pregnancy may help decrease the prevalence of osteochondrosis

A

Copper

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20
Q

Greater weight gains during the ___ and ____ months of life

appear to have the most influence on the development of osteochondrosis.

A

3rd and 5th months

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21
Q

Compared with other affected foals,

foals confined in stalls tended to have more severe lesions,

and the _________ were more often affected.

A

femoral condyles

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22
Q

In regards to osteochondrosis,

exercised foals tended to have lesions involving the ________________

A

lateral trochlear ridge of the femur.

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23
Q

Major collagen type in fibrous connective tissue and bone

Not normally found in articular cartilage

Study These Flashcards
A

Type 1 collagen

24
Q

Major collagen type in hyaline cartilage

Study These Flashcards
A

Type 2 collagen

25
Small-chain collagen type in mammalian articular cartilage May have a cell-signaling function
Type 6 collagen
26
• Small-chain collagen that is found only in hypertrophic growth cartilage and the deep zone of adult articular cartilage * Unknown function * Considered a marker for hypertrophic cartilage
Type X collagen
27
What 3 factors stimulate terminal differentiation of Chondrocytes?
Indian hedgehog * Bone morphogenetic protein 6 * Bone morphogenetic protein 2
28
What 3 factors **inhibit** terminal differentiation of Chondrocytes?
Parathyroid hormone–related peptide * Transforming growth factor–β1 * Bone morphogenetic protein 7
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ factors that stress the weakened osteochondral junction play an important role in the clinical manifestation of osteochondrosis and may ultimately determine whether *healing* or *osteochondritis dissecans flap formation* ensues.
Biomechanical
30
T/F: Lameness is the first noticeable clinical sign of osteochondrosis
FALSE. Lameness is rarely severe enough to be noticed
31
This is usually the primary clinical sign of osteochondrosis
Synovial effusion
32
Synovial effusion of the tarso-crural (aka tibiotarsal) joint is known as
BOG spavin
33
How is degenerative osteoarthritis (DJD- degenerative joint disease) diagnosed?
Nuclear **scintigraphy** with Technetium-99
34
In nuclear scintigraphy, Technetium-99 acts as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, so it gets incorporated into the bone about 2 hours after being given IV.
calcium
35
What is the half-life of technetium-99 and how is it excreted?
12 hours, excreted via urine
36
Which 3 joints are most commonly affected by OCD in the equine?
1. Tibiotarsal (Tarsocrural) Joint (AKA HOCK) 2. Stifle 3. Fetlock
37
What location is most commonly affected by OCD in the Tibiotarsal (Tarsocrural) Joint (AKA HOCK)?
Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia
38
What location is most commonly affected by OCD in the STIFLE?
Lateral trochlear ridge
39
What location is most commonly affected by OCD in the FETLOCK?
Sagittal ridge of MC3
40
Cysts are most common at this location in the stifle joint
MEDIAL femoral condyle
41
How is OCD treated in the equine?
Rest IA medication Surgery- **Arthrotomy/Arthroscopy** Meds- Joint supplements and chondroprotectants
42
Where in the stifle is this located and what is the arrow pointing to?
Medial Femoral Condyle, Cyst
43
Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD in the hock of the equine: **Lateral trochlear ridge** **Medial trochlear ridge**
LATERAL trochlear ridge (DIRT is still #1 though)
44
Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD in the hock of the equine: **Lateral malleolus** **Medial malleolus**
Medial malleolus (DIRT is still #1 though)
45
Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD in the stifle of the equine: **Lateral trochlear ridge** **Medial trochlear ridge**
Lateral trochlear ridge (#1 location in stifle)
46
Which location is more likely to be affected by OCD in the fetlock of the equine: **Sagittal ridge of MC3** **Palmar/Plantar eminence of P1** **P1 or MC3 Cysts**
Sagittal ridge of MC3
47
Normal healthy collagen is collagen Type \_\_\_\_\_
2
48
What are the 5 categories of chondroprotective agents used to treat OCD?
Glucosamine Chondroitin sulfate Hyaluronic acid Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs) Anti-inflammatories
49
Which 3 Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs) are used as chondroprotectants in the treatment of OCD in the equine?
Myristol Cosequin Adequan
50
Which 2 NSAIDS are used as anti-inflammatories in the treatment of OCD in the equine?
Flunixin and Phenylbutazone
51
What are 2 methods used to resurface cartilage in the treatment of OCD in the equine?
Osteochondral dowel grafts Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT)
52
Which 4 agents are used in gene therapy as treatment for OCD in equines?
IL-1 IL-like GF1 IRAP (IL1 receptor antagonist protein) PRP (platelet rich plasma)
53
For an arthroscopic procedure, after the arthroscope is introduced, the egress cannula is used with this technique to help facilitate direction of the procedure
Triangulation technique
54
What is the most common location to see chip fractures in the carpus?
Distal Radial Carpal Bone
55
Chip fractures of the carpus occur most commonly in which 3 locations?
Distal radial carpal bone (#1) Proximal intermediate carpal bone Distal lateral radius

RUSVM LASx PRACTICE QUESTIONS (24 decks)

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