Grevemeyer's Articles Questions

Question 1

• Which of the following is false about the donkey?
  
  • Nasogastric tube often gets entrapped in the enlarged pharyngeal recess
  • A smaller diameter nasopharyngeal tube is required for the donkey in comparison to the horse
  • The donkey has 5 lumbar vertebrae while the horse has 6
    
    • The cutaneous colli muscle covers the lower 1/3 of the jugular furrow

Answer 1

The cutaneous colli muscle covers the lower 1/3 of the jugular furrow – MIDDLE 1/3

Question 2

A female donkey is called

Answer 2

Jenny/Jennet

Question 3

A male donkey is called a

Answer 3

Jack

Question 4

A castrated donkey is a

Answer 4

Gelding

Question 5

A jack bred to a mare produces a

Answer 5

Mule

Question 6

A stallion bred to a jenny produces a

Answer 6

Hinny

Question 7

T/F Horses and donkeys have the same number of chromosomes.

Answer 7

FALSE - Donkey – 62, Horse – 64

Question 8

A wound is considered infected when there are more than _______ bacteria

Answer 8

10^6 per gram tissue

Question 9

• All of the following will decrease wound healing when present in the wound EXCEPT
  
  • IPFs
  • Hemoglobin
  • Glove powder
  • Ferric iron
  • All of the above decrease wound healing

Answer 9

All of the above decrease wound healing

Question 10

• The product ketanserin used recently in equine medicine to aid in wound repair has what mechanism of action?

Answer 10

Serotonin receptor

Question 11

T/F:

• Wounds created by impact injury are 100x more likely to develop a wound infection then those by shearing forces.

Answer 11

• TRUE – Impact injury, such as a kick from a horse creates a substantial amount of soft tissue damage while simultaneously cutting off blood supply to that area.

Question 12

• The product ketanserin is best used to accomplish which goal in wound management?

Answer 12

Decrease the development of proud flesh

Question 13

T/F:

• Large animal wound infection rates are higher then small animal wound infection rates.

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

T/F:

• Hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and povidone iodine are all recommended for lavage of wounds.

Answer 14

FALSE

• Hydrogen peroxide has a narrow antimicrobial spectrum and disrupts fibroblasts & vasculature

Question 15

T/F:

• Povidone iodine has killing affect against FUNGI but chlorhexidine does not.

Answer 15

TRUE – also there is no report of antimicrobial resistance against povidone iodine. Whereas proteus and pseudomonas have been reported to be resistant to CHX

Question 16

• All of the following are possible desirable affects of sugar or honey when applied to a wound EXCEPT:
  
  • Macrophage activation
  • Antimicrobial properties
  • Initiation of epithelialization
  • Up regulation of cytokines
  • Inhibition of fibroplasia

Answer 16

Inhibition of fibroplasia

Question 17

• T/F:
  
  • Without surgical or chemical debridement by the surgeon or veterinarian, the body has no mechanisms with which to debride the wound

Answer 17

FALSE - Neutrophils & other phagocytes are the natural debriders of the wound world

Question 18

• T/F: The stage in which the veterinary surgeon has the most influence is the proliferative stage.

Answer 18

FALSE -INFLAMMATORY STAGE

Question 19

• If one of the testes cannot be located during routine castration
  
  • Neither testis should be removed and the horse should be referred or scheduled for cryptorchid castration
  • The horse is a monorchid
  • Ventral midline laparotomy should be done immediately to locate the intraabdominal testis
  • The descended testis should be removed and the horse should be referred to a sx facility for removal of the retained testis

Answer 19

Neither testis should be removed and the horse should be referred or scheduled for cryptorchid castration

Question 20

• T/F: Post-castration EDEMA
  
  • Is common, usually self-limiting and resolves with adequate exercise and drainage

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

• Excessive HEMORRHAGE during castration
  
  • Usually originates from the vascular spermatic cord and may result from improper or inadequate emasculation of the vascular structures
  • Predisposes the horse to eventration
  • Is rarely life threatening and requires no additional therapy
  • Should be addressed by reapplication of the emasculator or placement of a clamp or ligature
  • A and D

Answer 21

A and D:

Usually originates from the vascular spermatic cord and may result from improper or inadequate emasculation of the vascular structures

Should be addressed by reapplication of the emasculator or placement of a clamp or ligature

Question 22

• Incision of the CORPUS CAVERNOSUM penis during castration
  
  • Requires sx reapposition of the tunic to avoid further complications
  • Is of little consequence and can be left to heal by second intention
  • Is a frequent complication of castration
  • Requires immediate penile amputation

Answer 22

Requires sx reapposition of the tunic to avoid further complications

Question 23

• Postcastration eventration:
• Only occurs after use of the open technique of castration
• Can occur up to 6 days after castration
• Is usually self limiting and reduces spontaneously
• Is more likely to occur in arabs and other high strung breeds
• C and D

Answer 23

Can occur up to 6 days after castration

Question 24

Prolapse of the omentum from the scrotal wound:

• Warrants euthanasia because of the poor prognosis
• Should be corrected by transrectal palp and steady traction on the abdominal portion of the omentum
• Can be managed by emasculation of the prolapsed tissue in simple cases but may require sx correction thru an inguinal approach
• Can occur months to years after castration
• A and D

Answer 24

• Can be managed by emasculation of the prolapsed tissue in simple cases but may require sx correction thru an inguinal approach

Question 25

**Schirrous cord:** * Refers to chronic low grade staph infx that results in formation of abscesses and fibrous tissue * Warrants euthanasia because of the poor prognosis * Can occur months to years after castration * Is caused by a clostridial infx of the scrotal wound * A and C

Answer 25

A and C Refers to chronic low grade staph infx that results in formation of abscesses and fibrous tissue Can occur months to years after castration

Question 26

* *Postcastration peritonitis* * Is considered septic when nucleated cell counts of the abdominal fluid exceed 10,000 cells/ul * Is more likely to result from the open technique of castration * Is usually inflammatory and self limiting, but sepsis should be suspected if degenerative neuts and phagocytized bacti are evident on cytologic studies * Does not occur because the vaginal tunic does not communicate with the abdomen * A and B

Answer 26

Is usually inflammatory and self limiting, but sepsis should be suspected if degenerative neuts and phagocytized bacti are evident on cytologic studies

Question 27

* *Persistent masculine behavior after castration* * Results from failure to remove the epididymis during castration * Can result from failure to remove testicular tissue during castration of a cryptorchid animal * Does not occur * Can be controlled with admin of benztropine mesylate

Answer 27

Can result from failure to remove testicular tissue during castration of a cryptorchid animal

Question 28

* *Hydrocele is* * A common complication of the closed technique of castration * A result of infx of the spermatic cord * The accumulation of serous fluid within the vaginal cavity * More common following the open technique of castration * C and D

Answer 28

C and D The accumulation of serous fluid within the vaginal cavity More common following the open technique of castration

Question 29

* *Cryptorchidism:* Abdominal retention of the testis * Is most common on the right side * Is most common on the left side * Is equally common on both sides * Does not occur

Answer 29

Is most common on the **left** side

Question 30

* *The testis usually enters the scrotum* * At day 100 – 150 of gestation * At day 275 of gestation to 10 days before birth * At day 315 of gestation to 10 days after birth * 3 wks after birth

Answer 30

At day 315 of gestation to 10 days after birth

Question 31

* *The fetal mesenchymal attachment from the caudal aspect of the fetal testis to the scrotum is the* * Inguinal canal * Gubernaculum * Epididymis * Vaginal process

Answer 31

Gubernaculum

Question 32

* *Cryptorchidism is caused by* * Mechanical factors * Hormonal factors * Genetic factors * Mechanisms that are not precisely known

Answer 32

Mechanisms that are not precisely known

Question 33

* *The superficial inguinal ring is* * Slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle * Slit in the aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique muscle * Bound cranially and caudally by the rectus abdominus muscle * None of the above

Answer 33

* Slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle

Question 34

* *Geldings generally have a serum testosterone conc of how many pg/ml?* * 200 – 300 * 100 – 200 * Greater than 75 * Less than 40

Answer 34

Less than 40

Question 35

* *The hCG stim test stimulates testosterone production by which cells of the testis?* * Leydigs * Cortical * Sertoli * None of the above

Answer 35

Leydigs

Question 36

* *Histo section of a retained testis will demonstrate* * Spermatogenesis * Signs of hyperplastic seminiferous tubules * Inhibition of spermatogenesis * Enlarged sertoli cells

Answer 36

Inhibition of spermatogenesis

Question 37

* *Comparison of left and right sided testicular retention indicates* * A greater frequency on left * A greater frequency on the right * A greater frequency on the left in horses up to 3yrs old * Nearly equal frequency on both sides

Answer 37

Nearly equal frequency on both sides

Question 38

* *The cranial, caudal and ventromedial borders of the deep inguinal ring are the* * Caudal edge of the external abdominal oblique muscle, the pelvis and inguinal lig and the rectus abdominis muscle and prepubic tendon * Caudal edge of the internal abdominal oblique muscle, the pelvis and inguinal lig and the external abdominal oblique muscle and prepubic tendon * Caudal edge of the internal abdominal oblique muscle, the pelvis and inguinal lig, and the rectus abdominis muscle and prepubic tendon * Caudal edge of the rectus abdominis muscle, the pelvis and inguinal lig and the rectus abdominis muscle and prepubic tendon

Answer 38

Caudal edge of the internal abdominal oblique muscle, the pelvis and inguinal lig, and the rectus abdominis muscle and prepubic tendon