Flashcards in Exam 3 Deck (250)
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Functions of the Kidney
1. Eliminates nitrogenous waste
2. Regulates blood ionic composition
3. Regulates blood pH
4. Regulates blood volume
5. Releases erythropoietin and calcitriol
6. Excretes wastes and foreign substances
7. Detoxifies free radicals and certain drugs
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Glomerulus
Ball of capillaries in the renal corpuscle
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Glomerular Capsule/Bowman's Capsule
Performs the first step in filtration of blood to form urine
Located in the renal corpuscle
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Beginning of the nephron
Regulates the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions for bicarbonate ions
Secretes creatinine
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Descending Loop of Henle/Nephron Loop
Thin limb
Low permeability to ions and urea, high permeability to water
Water passes by osmosis from tubule to ECF, leaving NaCl
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Ascending Loop of Henle/Nephron Loop
Thick and thin segment
Drains urine into the distal convoluted tubule
Has pumps that cotransport Na, K, and Cl into ECF
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Distal Convoluted Tubule
End of the nephron
Responsible for the reabsorption of sodium, water, and secretion of hydrogen potassium
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Collecting Duct
1. Consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter
2. Participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion (regulated by aldosterone)
3. Concentrates urine
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Pathway Flow of Glomerular Filtrate
1. Glomerular capsule (capsular filtrate)
2. PCT (tubular fluid)
3. Nephron loop
4. DCT
5. Collecting duct
6. Papillary duct (urine)
7. Minor calyx
8. Major calyx
9. Renal pelvis
10. Ureter
11. Urinary bladder
12. Urethra
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Ureters Function and Physiological Valve
Drain urine from bladder to urethra
Valve is a fold of bladder mucosa by hydrostatic backpressure that prevents the backflow of urine
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Serosa
Tissue of a serous membrane
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Mucosa
Mucous membrane
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Bladder Location
Muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis
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Bladder Mucosa Epithelium
Transitional epithelium
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Detrusor of Bladder
Muscularis that consists of three layers of smooth muscle
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Trigone of Bladder
Openings of two ureters and urethra from this smooth-surfaced triangular area
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3 Urethral Regions for Males
1. Prostatic Urethra
2. Membranous Urethra
3. Spongy Urethra
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Cystitis
Bacterial contamination of the urethra is more common in females because of their shorter urethra and location of orifice
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Blood Supply to the Nephron
Artery --> Capillary --> Artery --> Capillary --> Vein blood flow
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3 Basic Processes by the Nephron
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
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Glomerular Filtration
Portion of blood plasma is filtered into the kidney
Capillary exchange
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Tubular Reabsorption
Water and useful substances reabsorbed into the blood
Tubule to Blood
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Tubular Secretion
Wastes are removed from the blood and secreted into the urine
Blood to Tubule
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Difference Between Blood and Glomerular Filtrate
Blood plasma contains large molecules and protein that are not present in glomerular filtrate
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Layers of the Glomerular Filter
1. Fenestrated endothelium
2. Basement membrane
3. Filtration slits
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Fenestrated Endothelium
Highly permeable, but blood cells do not pass through
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Basement Membrane
Excludes molecules larger than 8nm
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Filtration Slits
Numerous extensions known as pedicels
Large anions cannot pass
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Podocytes
Cells that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
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