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Anatomy II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

Teeth and churning action of stomach and intestines

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2
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Series of hydrolysis reactions that break macromolecules into their monomers

Enzymes from saliva, stomach, pancreas, and intestines

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3
Q

Results of Chemical Digestion

A

Polysaccharides into monosaccharides
Proteins into amino acids
Fats into glycerol and fatty acids

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4
Q

Which buffer system uses HPO4 to buffer secreted acid in the kidney?

A

The Phosphate Buffer System

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5
Q

What is responsible for the detection of blood osmolarity?

A

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus

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6
Q

What does not elicit the release of aldosterone?

A

ADH

Does not have anything to do with sodium

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7
Q

Subdivisions of the Digestive System

A

Digestive tract and accessory organs

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8
Q

Digestive Tract

A

16 foot long tube extending from the mouth to anus

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9
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Aid in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal

Teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands

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10
Q

Layers of the GI Tract

A
  1. Mucosal layer
  2. Submucosal layer
  3. Muscularis layer
  4. Serosa layer
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11
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner lining

Stratified squamous epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

In mouth, esophagus, and anus

Tough

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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A 
Secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
Specialized cells (goblet cells) secrete mucous onto cell surface
Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones controlling organ function
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14
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Thin layer of loose connective tissue

Contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle
Causes folds to form in mucosal layer
Increases local movements increasing absorption with exposure to “new” nutrients

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16
Q

Submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue
Meissner’s Plexus: parasympathetic, causes vasoconstriction

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17
Q

Muscularis

A

Skeletal muscle for voluntary control in mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and anus
Smooth muscle for mixing, crushing, and propelling food by peristalsis
Auerbach’s Plexus for sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of smooth muscle layers

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18
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane
Covers all organs and walls of cavities not open to the outside of the body
Secretes slippery fluid
Consists of connective tissue covered with simple squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Peritoneum

A

Visceral layer covers organs

Parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavity

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20
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Prevents organs from moving around
Hangs down from the stomach
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

Mesocolon

A

Connects intestines together

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22
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Connects stomach to liver

“Beer belly”

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23
Q

Lips and Cheeks

A

Contain buccinator muscle that keeps food between upper and lower teeth

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24
Q

Oral Cavity Proper

A

Hard palate, soft palate, and uvula

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25
Tongue
Responsible for moving food | Attached to hyoid, mandible, hard palate, and styloid process
26
Tooth Structure
1. Crown 2. Neck 3. Roots 4. Pulp cavity
27
Composition of Teeth
Enamel Dentin Cementum
28
Enamel
Hardest substance in the body | Calcium phosphate or carbonate
29
Dentin
Calcified connective tissue
30
Cementum
Bone-like | Periodontal ligament penetrates it
31
Saliva
Moistens, dissolves food for taste, begins starch and fat digestion, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacteria, and binds food together into bolus
32
Amylase
Begins starch digestion
33
Lingual Lipase
Digests fat after it reaches the stomach
34
Lysozyme
Enzyme that kills bacteria
35
Immunoglobin A
Inhibits bacterial growth
36
Electrolytes
Na+, K+, Cl-, phosphate, and bicarbonate
37
Salivation
Salivary nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons | Parasympathetic function
38
Mumps
Myxovirus that attacks the parotid gland
39
Pharynx
Funnel-shaped tube extending from internal nares to the esophagus (posteriorly) and the larynx (anteriorly)
40
Esophagus
Collapsed muscular tube
41
Histology of the Esophagus
Mucosa: stratified squamous Submucosa: large mucous glands Muscularis: upper 1/3 is skeletal, middle is mixed, lower 1/3 is smooth Adventitia: connective tissue blending with surrounding connective tissue (no peritoneum)
42
Swallowing
Upper sphincter relaxes when larynx is lifted Peristalsis pushes food down Lower sphincter relaxes as food approaches
43
Swallowing: Oral Phase
Voluntary Bolus formed in the mouth Oropharynx-->Laryngopharynx
44
Pharyngeal Phase
Involuntary Tongue and soft palate block food and drink Esophagus widens
45
Esophageal Phase
Peristalsis Brain swallowing center + myenteric plexus in esophageal wall Muscle above bolus constricts
46
Anatomy of Stomach
Left side of stomach | Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
47
Pylorospasm
Muscle fibers of sphincter fail to relax, trapping food in the stomach Vomiting occurs to relieve pressure
48
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of sphincter indicated by projectile vomiting | Must be corrected surgically
49
Stomach Mucous Cell
Secretes mucous | Cardiac, pyloric glands
50
Stomach Regenerative Cells
Base of gastric pits Divide rapidly New cells migrate upward
51
Stomach Parietal Cells
Secrete HCl, intrinsic factor, ghrelin | Found mostly in gastric glands
52
Stomach Chief Cells
Most numerous Secrete gastric lipase, pepsinogen Lower 1/2 of gastric glands
53
Stomach Enteroendocrine Cells
Found in the lower end of the gland Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers At least 8 different kinds
54
Stomach Muscularis
Longitudinal, Circular, and Inner Oblique
55
Stomach Mechanical Digestion
Gentle mixing waves More vigorous waves from body to pyloric region Intense waves near the pylorus
56
Stomach Chemical Digestion
Protein digestion begins as HCl denatures protein, transforms pepsinogen into pepsin Fat digestion continues as gastric lipase splits triglycerides in milk fat
57
Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility
1. Cephalic phase 2. Gastric phase 3. Intestinal phase
58
Cephalic Phase
Gets the stomach ready Cerebral cortex stimulates parasympathetic nervous system Vagus nerve increases stomach muscle and glandular activity
59
Gastric Phase
"Stomach Working" Nervous control keeps stomach active Endocrine system influences stomach activity
60
GI Reflexes
Short Reflex: reflex arc where stimulus, integration, and effector are all located in the GI system Long Reflex: reflex arc where integration occurs in the brain or spinal cord; vasovagal reflex
61
Functions of Hydrochloric Acid
1. Activates enzymes pepsin and lingual lipase 2. Breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls 3. Converts ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions that can be used for hemoglobin 4. Destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens
62
Intrinsic Factor (Parietal Cells)
Essential for absorption of B12 by small intestine | Necessary for RBC production (pernicious anemia)
63
Pepsin (Chief Cell)
Secreted as pepsinogen | HCl converts it to pepsin, which activates more pepsinogen
64
Gastric Lipase (Chief Cell)
Gastric lipase + lingual lipase digests 10-15% of dietary fat Remainder in the small intestine
65
Intestinal Phase
Gastric activity INCREASES Enterogastric reflex=duodenum INHIBITING stomach Chyme stimulates duodenal cells to release SECRETIN, CCK, and GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE to SUPPRESS gastric secretion and motility

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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